Target Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

train slew - Essay ExampleThe full name of the retail store known as bottom is post muckle. This name came to be known in 1962. object lens Corporation has a main render fixed in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The main headquarters is fit(p) right downtown. Other smaller offices are to a fault regain in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The state of Arizona is home to the financial headquarters for crisscross Corporation. Target Corporation also has two banks that are located in Sioux Falls, North Dakota and Salt Lake City, Utah (Target2011). These many different headquarters allow for target to provide appropriate customer service and financing. Target Corporation was not forever known as the Target that is today. The first Target store was opened in the 1900s and named life-threatening fellows. Good fellows produced dry goods. The store was located in downtown Minneapolis. It wasnt presbyopic before the fraternity became known as the Dayton Company. Later in the 1960s the first Targe t store was opened. The store was located in Roseville, Minnesota. The store quickly became popular and expanded to the now known Target Corporation. This rapid increment came from a strong founder. The founder of Target Corporation is George Dayton. George Dayton was born in 1857. George was born in crude York. Throughout his career he stumbled upon a retail store that his bank had foreclosed on (Soylent Communications 2011). This business organisation venture was the start of many other additions. George acquired more popular retail stores such as Mervyns, Hudsons and marshal Fields. These many retail fusions led to the current Target Corporation. These mergers also proved the strength that Target Corporation has. Georges determination allowed him to become a successful business man and build Target Corporation to what it is today. The original business of Target Corporation was a Dry Goods retail store. It wasnt long before the Good Fellow Dry Goods Company became known as w iz of the number maven suppliers of retail goods. Products originally sold were retail items like other department stores. Target Corporation sells various products. Products range from childrens clothing, canned goods, jewelry and electronics. Target Corporation is a one stop shop for popular products. Target Corporations owns a majority of manufacturing facilities that help keep the price of goods low. The Target Corporation has a history as many different companies. Target Corporation is responsible for the fusion of many popular retail chains. In 1956, Target Corporation was responsible for the very first shop center that had two different shop levels. This new obtain center became the new face of shopping centers in America. Soon after Target Corporations two story shopping center, many similar shopping centers such as malls were spreading throughout the country. The target store was the first of its kind. The Target store of 1962 was able to offer discounted retail items. Offering discounted items made Target a popular retail chain. The 1960s and 1970s were huge decades for Target Corporation. During this time, there were large mergers and the announcement of Target Corporations entering into the stock market. Another merger with Marshall Fields later took place in the 1990s. This final merger allowed Target Corporation to become huge generating over $30 billion dollars (Target2011). The success of Target stores led to the sale of Marshall Field

The Future of Manufacturing in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Future of Manufacturing in the USA - Essay ExampleThe Boeing Company in America announces its prevalent orders ever in the last year thus recording the highest exports by value. The gigantic American brands, such as caterpillar and Intel, sustain the bases of domestic manufacturing despite their orientation globally. Companies repatriating include hybridizing and Continental AG that manufactures for a multitude of reasons, including problems of counterfeiting. Foreign corporations (Samsung and Volkswagen) at the same time build manufacturing amenities in America. The current trends in the skilled workforce, reliable infrastructure, creativity, diversity, excellent universities, and entrepreneurial spirit continues to pinpoint the manufacturing advantage. It is the U.S. felicity that it would be more attractive as its counterparts costs wane as a result of productivity. Predicaments and barriers beat surrounded the U.S. manufacturing sector. It is noticeable that top intern ational manufacturers could be more globalized than their counterparts in the United States. Data on the top manufacturers demonstrates that the foreign manufacturers would be more international. The foreign employment recorded increased employment to 68 percent during the years between 1998 and 2010. A comparable figure was 47 percent in 2010 for the U.S manufacturers. The foreign manufacturers in the top list have established growing, and significant operations in the U.S. The market brainwave could be due to green field investments, strategic alliances acquisitions, and mergers.

International relation theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International relation possibility - Essay ExampleWhile neo-realist theory contends the effect of state principles and capabilities for the internationalistist brass, neo-liberalist theory emphasizes on a wider view of the international politics, focusing on the plurality of state actions including the economic and cultural aspects. Taking these two schools of thought for discussion, we bring out an outline of which theoretical perspective provides the most plausible account of international politics, with particular reference to the films, Independence Day, and captain of the Flies. The article examines how the international theories appear to be true on the movie and analyze whether the theory is portray in the film as normal or deviant from the world in it. According to Neo-realism, the international political structure is defined by the principle of anarchy, mentioning that there is no central authority of political science for the international system. Kenneth Waltz, rega rded as the founder of Neo-realism, argues that, unlike the traditional realism, the conduct of the states is determined by this structure of the international system. The states are inclined to be formally equal in the system and they act without subordinating to all(prenominal) other. The needs and abilities of a state determine their capabilities and power on the international system. ... Anarchy and self-preservation alone are not sufficient to explain the war of all against all (Pechlivanis 2012). The international relation is shaped by the balance of power among the states, which is attained by the states abilities to constrain to the relative powers for relative gains, through internal and external balancing. The great powers within the international system could be classified as the unipolar, bipolar and multipolar systems, owing to the bout of powers contained in the system. According to neorealist, bipolar system would be a stable one as it is equilibrate through inte rnal balancing alone, eliminating the need for external balancing. This is because there is no greater power to be formed from alliances and therefore lesser chance for great wars. On the other hand, Neoliberalism tends to view the international system from a wider perspective, demanding for a stronger state that promotes its interests. Unlike the neo-realism that views the state as a single entity, neo-liberalism includes plurality of its affairs. It focuses on security, integration of states and conflicting nature of the international politics in respect to the political economy and cooperation amidst the states. Neo-liberalism insists that states should have the goal of absolute gains rather than concerning about the relative gains for establishing power. The collaboration among the competitive states can be achieved in an anarchic international system with a rational decision and preferences of the states. Neo-liberalism contends that international institutions can successfully pave a way for the states to cooperate in the international system. Institutions exert a causal multitude on international relations, shaping state preferences and locking

Unit 1 Lab Assignemnt Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 1 Lab Assignemnt - Coursework ExampleCreating a scope sets a range of mountains of IP addresses that the DCHP leases to the lymph glands (Bender 27). Creating an exclusion range of IP addresses, on the other hand, sets a range of IP addresses that adept would not like to be offered to the DCHP clients. To enable a DHCP client to use an address permanently, one creates client reservations. Knowledge of the higher up concepts helps a networker prevent errors that may develop from improper configuration.DHCP uses options to pass additional IP fit to DHCP clients on a network. These options include DNS server, Domain name or the wins server. Configure server options applies the options to each scopes while configure scope options applies the options to a single scope (IT Essentials Pc Hardware and Software beau Guide 53). The design of DHCP options involves definition of parameters and settings to establish the boundaries of a given DHCP configuration. The options can be appl ied in a single scope or applied to all scopes specify in the server. Understanding the above concepts helps a networker efficiently make changes and debug errors to either one scope or all the scopes defined in the server.In addition to the DHCP configuration, there exist advanced settings for DHCP. One can enable the share configuration, specify additional service availability settings and set up HA synchronization. Configuring a DHCP relay agentive role involves configuring the relay agent program on a computer (It Essentials Pc Hardware and Software partner Guide 76). Messages can be sent through incompatible subnets only if a networker understands the concept of setting up a relay agent and sets up one.Setting up a relay agent on a computer on each subnet allows message traffic to be relayed to computers on different subnets (Bender 67). This knowledge helps a network developer a lot in minimizing the cost that would have been incurred in acquire another DHCP server. Conf iguration Protocol for IPv6 can also be configured for DHCP.

World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

World Trade Organization - Essay ExampleAll of that changed abruptly in 1994, when, contradicting prior gloomy predicts, the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the GATT ended in strengthening the international business system, but excessively with an agreement to establish the WTO.As the World Trade Organization (WTO) approaches its cherished goal of international WTO-Membership, the areas of contrast among members tend to widen. Also, it be abide bys extremely hard to settle the conflicting economic worrys of the signatories. The question arise, does World Trade require the WTO This is the basic problem on which the problem of WTO reform hinges. World trade did not require the WTO to sate seventeen times extra between 1948 and 1997, from $124 billion to $10,772 billion (WTO, 1998, pg. 12). This growth happened under the stretchy GATT trade system. The WTOs origin in 1995 did not act in response to a collapse or crisis of field trade such as happened in the 1930s. It w as not essential for international peace, since no world fight or trade-related war had happened during that phase. In the nine major inter-state wars that took place in that period-the Korean state of war of 1950-53, the Vietnam War of 1945-75, the Suez Crisis of 1956, the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, the 1982 Falklands War, the Gulf War of 1990, Afghanistan war, and finally the Iraq ear-trade conflict did not figure even distantly as a cause.GATT was, actually, working sensibly well as a support for strengthening world trading system. Its puritanical dispute resolution system was supple and with its appreciation of the special and differential status of yet to be developed nations, it offered the space in an international economy for Third World nations to use trading dodge for growth and industrialization.Why was then WTO found following the Uruguay Round of 1986-94 Of the main trading nations, Japan was in twain minds, frightened as it was to defend its agriculture and its picky system of industrialized production that, through certain and unauthorized means, gave its local manufacturers principal rights to use the domestic marketplace. The European Union, well on the way of turn a independent trading community, was similarly hesitant, knowing that its very sponsored system in agriculture would come beleaguered. Though demanding greater admittance to their created and agricultural products in the Northern economies, the rising nations did not perceive this as being achieved through a broad agreement imposed by a controlling trading system of government but through isolated negotiations and contracts in the model of the Integrated Program for Commodities (IPCs) and trade good Stabilization Fund had the same opinion in the aegis of UNCTAD of late seventies.The beginning of the WTO served mainly the interest of the America. Just as it was the U.S. which stopped the beginning of the International Trade Organization (ITO) in 1948, wh en it believed that this wouldnt serve up its position of irresistible economic domination in the post-war world, so it was the U.S. that became the leading client for the widespread Uruguay Round and the lay out of the WTO, when it sensed that more aggressive global circumstances had produced a condition where its business interests now indispensable a contradictory stand.Just as it was the U.S.s intimidation in the fifties to leave GATT if it wasnt permitted to uphold defend means for milk

Psychosis and Schizophrenia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychosis and Schizophrenia - Case Study ExampleFor the past two long time he has non slept at all, only eats food out of cans that he himself has opened, and refuses to leave the house. PPH He was hospitalized for five days in July of 2007 for a nervous breakdown after being fired from a summer job. His parents indicate that at that time, he was talking to himself all the time and not thinking clearly. He was treated with haloperidol scarce they cannot remember the dose. They said he was much better after sledding the hospital but only took the medicine for a few weeks because it made him feel stiff and slowed down. PMH Not significant, only the unwashed childhood illnesses SH Graduated high school in upper third of his class and participated in extra-curricular and friendly activities. Began having academic difficulties this year and is now down to part-time status after failing two classes live on semester. He has returned to live at home with his parents because he could not get along with his roommate. Non-smoker social toper Meds Was on Haloperidol on July 2007, but stopped abruptly due to side effects true Meds None PE WNL Vitals - BP 120/70, P 88, RR 17, T 98.6, Ht 57 Wt 100 kg Heart- NRRR HEENT - PERRLA, EOMI, fundi benign Neck - no bruits, no JVD, no thyromegaly Lungs CTA Abd- +BS, No masses or bruits MS/Ext - nl ROM, heftiness strength 5/5 in UE and LE, no peripheral edema Neuro - all cranial poise intact Labs Chem 7 - WNL HEME 18 - WNL UA - WNL Urine Drug Screen (+) for cannabinoids MSE Appearance = poorly groom white male who appears his stated age Behavior = hypervigilant and suspicious but cooperative Speech = reasonably pressured and rambling Thought Process = tangential with occasional interruptions suggesting thought blocking Thought Content = constructive for auditory hallucinations and ideas of indication Affect = anxious Cognition = A&O x 3, recent and away memory intact I. AP Note A. Present Problem Gerald is brought to t he hospital by his parents due to his odd appearance which includes false beliefs, sleeplessness and irrational suspicions which increase in frequency over the past two weeks. B. jeopardy Factors Puberty History of psychiatric problem Previous intake of antipsychotic medicine Substance poke fun C. Assessment 1. Evaluation Gerald is brought by his parents to the hospital due to his peculiar behavior. Two weeks ago, he started exhibiting persecutory delusions and insisted on safekeeping their house lights on all the time. He was reportedly seen awake on most nights. Gerald also had delusions of reference wherein he accuses his ex-girlfriend of bugging his room and his former roommate to be sending threat messages over the radio. Gerald is awake for much than 48 hours now and manifests paranoia by eating only self-opened canned foods. His persecutory delusion has led me to refuse leaving their house. The presence of delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech, according to D SM-IV-TR, places Gerald in the classification of Paranoid type of Schizophrenia. However, by considering that his urine drug screen tested positive for cannabinoids, thorough diagnosis of his symptoms is needed to rule out the physiologic aetiology of substance abuse. He needs pharmacological intervention appropriate for Schizophrenia with co-morbidity of substance abu

Cognitive Psychology nowadays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

cognitive Psychology nowadays - Essay prototypeThey look at man as a blank state wherein purlieu dictates what would become of that blank. In this perspective, a man on a harsh or violent environment would end up a bad person on the other hand, being on a peaceful environment would make him a good one. With little regards on heredity, they viewed psychology as primarily dependent on nurturing. This supports their stand that a mans experience molds him to a person he ought to be regardless of his nature. It implies that conditioning determines what a person would become. May that person be an artist, a doctor or a criminal his genes cause least thing to do with it. That a mans development is solely based on what he had experienced.Cognitive psychology, on the other hand, focuses on mans mental capability. It regards man as the highest form of creature that is biologically outfit with logic and rationality. A mans intelligence is attributed to his innate genetic makeup. For them a mans recognition between good and sinister lies naturally with his own. Man being able to comprehend life and its intricacies would certainly manage to distinguish a much simpler matter such as recognizing good and evil. His lifes experiences influenced by its underlying factor such as people whom he encountered, hardships and joy, he learn to act accordingly.

Roma (Gypsy) music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Roma (Gypsy) music - Essay ExampleThe attack massacred the people and carried thousands of slaves.Although Rajput fought back, a number of people were displaced. At some point around the eleventh century, the ancestors of Romans made their way into hurrying Hindus Valley from Gurjara where they spent some of the time in the region. Thereafter the ancestors of the Romans left India and penetrated into the Northwest China. From there, they followed the ancient barter route which led them to Persia, through Southern Georgia, Armenia and finally reached Byzantine Empire. By fourteenth century, they reached Romania from Byzantine gravid (now Istanbul). Some groups also remained in Romania as they moved on both east and west. By the cardinal century, Romanians could be traced in atomic number 18as such as West, the British Isles and Spain and at the east of Poland and Lithuania. The population is approximately 6 to 10 million people. According to some scholars, they migrated from Indi a changed their original name from Dom (plural) to Rom (singular) and Roma (plural) (Yooors, pg. 14).Roman apparitional beliefs are deep rooted amongst Hinduism. Romans sport a universal believe called Kuntari. On the contrary, everything must have its natural place such as, that birds fly and fish swim. Although hens do not fly, they are considered as not balanced as are frogs. The Romans has believed that theres a possibility of becoming polluted in a number of ways that included breaking of taboos that involve the upper and lower halves of the body. According to the Romanians, a person who becomes polluted is considered out of balance and need restoration to purity through a footrace before a tribunal led by elders. At that instance, one found guilty are isolated from the others and then reinstated. For severe cases of pollution, a Roman could be outlawed from the group forever in spite of rare nowadays. Exemptions are given to children until they

A research paper on the representation of the goddess Isis in Ancient Term

A research on the representation of the goddess Isis in Ancient Egypt from Old Kingdom to bran-new Kingdom - Term Paper ExampleThe large number sought the support and benevolence of various gods and goddesses for peace, prosperity, love, war, fertility, health, protection, travelling and other fields and activities of life. For instance, Zeus is faceted as the mighty king of all gods and goddesses of ancient Greece, while Apollo is believed to be the god of the sun and music and Mars is the god of war, while Eurybia is the sea goddess. The same is applied to the Egyptian civilization of ancient times, where the people had developed faith in supernatural powers, and sought their help at every hour of need. Hence, the innate human instinct also forced the financially affluent and politically powerful Egyptians of ancient times to call for the divine support on domestic, personal, professional and collective matters. Somehow, the Egyptians lacked hegemony and viscidness in views an d beliefs which was partly because of the social, geographical and strategic division of the population, which did not accept the subjugation under matchless political authority and one single deity as well. Egyptian mythology is of highly complex character, and cannot be considered apart from its racial and historical aspects. The Egyptians were, as a Hebrew prophet has declared, a mingled people, and this view has been confirmed by recent ethnological research. Consequently, they had developed belief in the multiplicity of gods and goddesses on the base of clans and tribes on the one hand, and in the light of the traditions accredited to different deities on the other. (Mackenzie, 20022) The goddess Isis is also one among the persistent list of deities, which were worshipped by the ancient people of Egyptian peninsula with great religious fervor and enthusiasm. cosmos an extremely benevolent and compassionate goddess, she enjoys distinguished status in the ancient Egyptian myt hology. Though the goddess keep a universal status in the country, yet she got popularity and position in the southern regions of Egypt, which was not totally the center of social, political and economic activities, but also dominated the rest of the region. Currently there is a strong indication that Southern or Upper Egypt had gained a cultural ascendancy over Yankee or Lower Egypt by c.3500 BC. In archaeological terms this southern culture is described as Naqada II. (Hart, 20053) Hence, southern Egyptians declared their peace and prosperity as the outcome of the special bounties of the goddess upon them, which also motivated the Federal areas of the country to imitate their footprints in spiritualism and faith. Isis is regarded as the goddess of motherhood, feminism, civil liberty, magic and fertility, and is revered and adored for displaying right-down affection and motherly attitude towards the Egyptian subjects without exhibiting any prejudice and discrimination towards a ny specific conference or stratum of society. Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt portrays Isis as the queen and mother of all the Egyptians, which looked for bestowing maximum bounties and blessings upon the people to fill their life with countless joys in the form of abundance in food, children, pelf, possession and properties. Isis had been a smashed goddess as early as the third millennium B. C. She was the sister-wife of Osiris, with whom she mated in the womb of their mother, Nuit, the sky goddess. (Mathews, 200125) world the motherly deity, the goddess appears to be showering her unabated love on all and sundry, with special concentration of

Vision and Rationale Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vision and Rationale - subsidisation ExampleThey do non achieve the core objective of cleaning the teeth, which is performed by the tooth spreadhead and the tooth purify. Therefore, collectible to the lack of substitute increases for this purpose, it is eminent that the market for this product is existent and sustainable. Tooth brushes were first invented in China, where the Chinese utilise the soft pig hair on the neck to make tooth brush bristles (Segrave, 2010). In Europe, the use of tooth brush started in France in the early eighteenth century. However, tooth brush was first patented in the States by H. N. Wadsworth in 1885, after which many American companies embarked on the production of tooth brushes (Jones, 2010). The bare facts is that, tooth brushing in America and many other countries was not a common phenomena, until the soldiers who had gone to fight in world warfare II came back having adapted this habit. The same happened with tooth paste, which was not utilize until the 1800s, although the Chinese and the Indians had different substance that they used as tooth paste (Segrave, 2010). Rationale for selecting the product Tooth paste and tooth brush have become a fate for man since a century ago, owing to the health dangers posed by unclean teeth to an individual. Thus, this product comes in the market to serve a basic need that the society has had for decades, only that, it has become increasingly inconvenient for people to pack a box of tooth brush and another one for tooth paste whenever they need to journey. Therefore, the introduction of this new product, which seeks to function both as a tooth brush and a tooth paste dispenser, could not have come at a better eon. It impart solve the incontinences people have, through allowing them to travel with only one product, which allow for dispense tooth paste and brush their teeth too. On top of military service as a duo product, this new product will also ensure the maintenance of elev ated health standards, through ensuring that an individual does not use more or less tooth paste age brushing his/teeth. This is because the product will be designed such that, through a integrity garble of the rear of the brush, the recommended amount of tooth paste will be dispensed. Therefore, there is no way in which individuals will use more or less of the tooth paste, unless they twist the base of the brush more than once, since each single twist dispenses the recommended amount of the tooth paste. Company goals The goals of the company is to solve the problem that the society has, which is that of inconveniencies, associated with the use of tooth brush and tooth paste dispense as different products. Therefore, the companys goals are Meet the market need for a teeth cleaning product, which combines the functions of dispensing tooth paste and brushing the teeth. Provide the markets with a convenient product, which is packed singly, yet dowery duo functions, for the ease of travel. Saving the people valuable time, through providing the market with an exclusive product that saves the time used in using the tooth paste and the tooth brush as different products. Strategies to achieve the goals The strategies to achieve the goals will be to design the product such that it has a section that hold tooth paste, at the base of the brush, a lock which prevents the tooth brush from being dispensed accidentally and a dispensing tunnel, through which the tooth paste is dispensed from the base of

Refliction trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refliction trip - Essay ExampleIn fact a meeting will be held just shortly after you arrive referred to as A Welcome Aboard Meeting, whereby you are introduced to captain, staff captain and the hotel director. During this meeting you are informed roughly the rules and regulations followed by the board and likewise clarify any question you might have. In my case the attracter was a Portuguese girl known as Sarah whereby she has worked for the company for two years.Sarah took the students through the bridge, that is the control room, whereby she introduced to us a girl who went ahead to explain to us how the captain of the ship works and how some of the devices he or she uses work. The girl in any case goes ahead and tells us how communication is carried on. For instance, she shows us how incoming private calls and in addition fax are forwarded to the crew member through the ships reception desk and also how the outgoing calls which can be either directly or indirectly can be forw arded through the ships radio station or any of the ships phone. In fact, she told us that outgoing faxes are usually handled through the ships radio station. In addition, she gave us a warning that cellular phones are not permitted on the ship that is, no one is meditate to use their phonecell.Moreover, she took us through the kids section where she went ahead to explain to us how they usually take guardianship of them for instance, she told us the kids are given toys to play around with and their meals are served perfectly on time and also they are given snacks at specified hours. She took us to the pool side whereby we enjoyed a perfect swim. Sara also took us to the dinning room whereby it is referred to as the mess room. We were served with delicious meals, whereby each one eats the meal to their satisfaction. soon after our meal, Sara took us to the spa where we enjoyed the luxury. In fact, she told us that medical care was the most important arrive at that

The Theory of Market Mechanism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Theory of Market Mechanism - Case Study subjectDue to a fall in the rental, the supply of flats also declines, however, the quantity demanded of flats increases. This follows from the law of demand and supply. As a result, in that location is a gap between demand and supply or in different words, thither arises a shortage in the market for dwelling spaces. This shortage is not a rude(a) outcome but created by the suppliers or the landlords which result in an excess demand situation. This shortage generates cathode-ray oscilloscope for black marketing of flats at a higher rental.From the land lords point of view, the creation of shortage is sooner justifiable because the cost of maintenance and electricity has remained the same. In the process of black marketing, the flats argon rented out at market clearing rental or even more. Since dwelling place is a necessary compass point for any consumer, the tenants are ready to pay the excess amount above the ceiling price. Thus the re is discrimination because some are getting the flats at the government determined rental whereas some ca-ca to pay out a huge amount. Thus there is a reverse effect of what the Government intended. Here the concept of economic rent also comes into play. Because of the price ceiling, a number of landlords are not get outing to rent out their space, they are restricted from entering the market in fear of loss. in a flash suppose the Government decides to remove the ceiling and the rental price is determined by market mechanism, there will be huge opposition from both landlords and tenants because those who were getting the flats at lower rent will oppose and again the landlords who were operating in the black market will passively support the tenants who were opposing. This is because the landlords are better off in a black market where they extract huge profit. The lobbying cost, lawyer fees, world relation costs are substantial.

Strategic intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic intelligence - Essay Examplee matter is the fact that rarely do target or host countries declassify sensitive information and this makes accessing important information untenable. With the ill luck to access sensitive information, comes the making of inaccurate decisions, especially in the field of foreign relations, protecting, consolidating and perpetuating state concern and security.The place of the United States could be very different in international relations, if the US never treat strategic intelligence seriously. The menacing threat of terrorism and the ideological threat of religious or governmental Islam underscore the instances that present the power to curtail Americas interests, safety and political and socio-economic strength, in the absence seizure of the United States commitment to strategic intelligence. In this effect, the value of strategic intelligence is exemplified by the elimination of US enemies such as Osama bin Laden, Anwar Al Awlaki, Abu Mu sab al-Zarqawi, Muhammad Atef, Abu Layth al-Libi, Atiyah A. Al-Rahman, Abu Ayub al Masri and the capturing of likeminded criminals such as Khalid beau Mohammed, Abu Faraj al-Libi, Ramzi Bin al-Shibh, Abu Zubaydah and Walid bin Attash, among many others.It is also because of strategic intelligence that the US has been able to identify points of anteriority and to make timely, appropriate and accurate response. Some of the response that the US has made to strategic intelligence breakthroughs have included legislation, diplomacy, funding, engaging in direct or proxy war, issuing state-to-state warnings and even issuing run advisory.It is necessary to cover all the five basic components as an integrated study instead of separating the components into separate stove-pipes so as to allow learners come up with a more comprehensive scope, and not a staccato one. For this reason, I like other students have been left with a greater ability to examine the purpose, importation and role of strategic counterintelligence deconstruct

Using relevant theories and examples, explain what the Hawthore Essay

Using relevant theories and examples, explain what the Hawthore Experiments demonstrated in relation to Group Norms, Motivations and Leadership - Essay ExampleMayo raise a general increase in production and in productivity per worker as tumesce as of the group in general, completely independent of any of the changes he made in the experiments. His findings were non in accordance with the then prevalent theory of the worker as being motivated only when by self-interest. It did not make sense that productivity would continue to rise even when he lop off out breaks and returned the workers to longer working hours. The segment of the Hawthorne experiments that emphasised the positive effects of benign supervision and relate for workers that made them feel like part of a team became known as the Hawthorne Effect. The studies were implemental for the emergence of the human relations school of management and motivational and related theories of worker-behaviour, of participatory mana gement, team building, etcetera However, in a true sense the Hawthorne Effect is not just virtually positive outcomes, it is about the absence of any definite correlation (positive or negative) between productivity and the independent variables used in the experiments such as monetary incentive, rest pauses, etcWhile analyzing the amazing findings of his experiments, Mayo realised that the workers had exercised a freedom they did not have on the factory floor and which had created a mixer ambience that included the executive program also who tracked their productivity. The talked, they joked, they began to meet socially outside of work It is as if Mayo had discovered a fundamental fact that seems obvious today, that workplaces are social environments and people there are motivated by much more than mere economic self-interest. He concluded that all features of that work environment had social value. This may be characterised as the group dynamics of the experiment. When some wo rkers were singled out from the rest of the factory workers, it elevated their self-esteem when they had a friendly

Exam 3 for public adminstration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Exam 3 for public adminstration - Research Paper ExampleThe leader positively motivates the group members of the organization to do the best jobs by working independently. Leadership focuses on the constant service of the organization and its growth by keeping a good picture always (Khan, 167).On the another(prenominal) hand, management may involve negative motivations like punishment to the members in case some goals ar not reached in time or if the goals fail to be accomplished. Management involves the person in the highest persuasion giving orders to the lower position members. Therefore, management is a matter of position and warnings to avoid failure (Khan, 173).Transformational leading this is a role of the leadership whereby the members being under control of their leaders are inspired by the leaders to major in the organizational goals and not their self-interests. The organizational goals should be prioritized first before some(prenominal) other action is to be done. The basis of this leadership is devotion and not bureaucratic self-interest (Khan, 170).Micromanagement is a type management whereby the subordinate members are under high supervision from their manager. The manager is very nigh(a) to the activities that are taking place in the organization. An example of micromanagement is where an experienced employee is give a task and its deadline. rather of waiting for the employee to complete the task, the manager will be checking on the employee occasionally on the working desk or sending many email to him or her asking how the task is going on or its been completed. This type of management may lower the productivity of the workers since they will be feeling unsecured and others may heretofore quit their jobs (Khan, 177).Over management involves putting very high goals in the organization and trying to progress to them. The goals may be very hard to achieve but the manager is very optimistic that the goals are achievable although the wor kers do not believe that way. The workers will not be

Pollution and Encoachment of Coastal habitats in California Essay

Pollution and Encoachment of coastal habitats in California - Essay ExamplePolicies overhear been implemented that allow for greater leniency in the granting of permissions for off-shore oil colour drilling, and with a reduction of personnel in organizations much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Environmental Protection Agency, the strict guidelines that have survived are not being sufficiently enforced. The increasing number of people inhabiting areas near water sources such as rivers, lakes, streams and wetlands has caused greater pollution due to more runoff, which ultimately contributes to the pollution of harbors and bays. Polluted runoff and the everyday oil spill threaten coastal resources and often cause beach closures, resulting in risks to public health and significant impacts to local economies.With the advent of the deterioration of Californias coastal environment, some specific programs and organizations were created, such as the Critical Coastal Areas pro gram, which delineates specific land areas of the California coast where state, federal and local organization agencies and other stakeholders have agreed to improve degraded water quality or protect portentous coastal water quality from the threat of pollution (CCA Draft Strategic Plan 1), and the California Coastal Commission, established in order to protect, conserve, restore, and enhance environmental and human-based resources of the California coast and ocean for environmentally sustainable and prudent use by current and future generations (California Coastal Commission), to name just a couple.However, the proliferation of such agencies and programs has been insufficient to curb the negative effects of pollution and encroachment by humans on subjective coastal habitats. According to an assessment of Californias coastal waters done in the course 2000, 98% of the states estuaries and bays were unable to fully support aquatic life, more than 90% carried warnings approximately eating fish and shellfish, and 86% could not support

The historical and institutional factors Essay Example for Free

The diachronic and institutional factors EssayThe historical and institutional factors that contributed to the differences between the current German ships company system and the whizz that existed under the Weimar Republic One of the first major ways in which the current German party differs from that of the Weimar republic concerns the way in which democracy was formed. Whilst the current system was created through a arrangement that authorized the respect and support of all the political parties concerned, the Weimar Republic was formed as a direct provide of Germanys defeat during the second world war. Although the Weimar Republic attempted to create a democratic Germany the frugal downturn caused by the repercussions of the First World War entailed that it was difficult for political developments to take hold. The Germany politicians were forced to engage of the Versailles Treaty in 1911 and the inclusion of the War Guilt Clause led to compulsory reparations to be n onrecreational to the alies. The agreement to this treaty caused a major split between the political parties and the extreme indemnify were commensurate to utiilise this to create an un static political system.A further difference between the two political entities rouse be observed in the economic backdrop to their position. Not only did the Versaille Treaty arrest a crippling effect on the German economy, they were heavily dependent on foreign investment, loans and economic successfulness from the United States. In this vulnerable position the Weimar Republics existence was reliant on away investment, which came crashing to a halt during the Wall Street crash of 1929.Post Wall Street Germany was a area that suffered from mass unemployment, homelessness and hunger and was crippled economically and, by 1933, the economy stood on the brink of collapse, with an economy which should, realistically, have long since declared itself bankrupt (Frei 163). The current German party howe ver, is operational in very dissimilar circumstances. Their economy is one of the most advanced market economies and they are largely export led (World Bank, 2007). The slew of Germany have a faith in their political system that wasnt in evidence during the succession of the Weimar.Another difference between the two political entities concerns the attitudes and beliefs of the people they governed. During the times of the Weimar, the far right was highly prominent and had great index number through the support they received from the wealthy constitutents (Childers 46). Through such power they were able to instugate violences and coups. Today people more readily accept regime and acknowledge its legitimacy. Extreme right wing politics have been legislated against and radical right wing parties are banned from power.It wasnt however economic conditions which caused the Weimar Republic to be weak. The Republic also suffered from structural weaknesses. One example of this concerned article 48 of the constitution which conferred dictatorial powers upon the President during an emergency and did not require collaboration and agreement with the Reichstag ministers. Furthermore, the constitution installed a system of proportional representation which resulted in the multiplication of small splinter parties.This meant that a stable minority in the Reichstag was impossible and there were frequent changes in government.Works CitedChilders, Thomas. The Nazi Voter The social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919-1933, Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1983 Total GDP 2007 World Bank. Retrieved on September 17, 2008 from http//siteresources. worldbank. org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP. pdf Frei, Norbert. depicted object Socialist Rule in Germany. Translated by Joel Golb . New York Columbia University Press , 2002

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology EssayThe fluid knell has m some(prenominal) advantages and hurts. It is easy to contact friends and family. Since the first mobile was dod we have been able to make c exclusively(prenominal)s to anywhere in the world by the click of a button. You be able to get in touch with heap nearly 24/7. You have access to constant internet. Having the internet at your finger tips any cartridge h onetime(a)er you need it has many advantages. Need to puzzle out want snip a painting is on in the cinema? No problem. Need to look up the yield of a restaurant you as positive(predicate) having dinner at? Just intention your ph peerless. A mobile retrieve is an all in one device. Having music, a camera, GPS, border and mini laptop all in one device is handy. Nowadays we use our phones as our calculator, flashlight and facsimile machine. Many people do not even own a camera anymore as who needs one when you back high quality shots with y ou camera phone. winding phones excessively allow us to facetime or Skype family and friends. Skype and facetime allow us to view our friends and family members no matter where they atomic number 18 in the world. These apps also allow you to choose between fashioning a video and a component call. You flush toiletister connect with anyone else who has internet connection. People survived for years without carrying a phone with them. Its becoming a necessary for people to carry movable phones with them. Having a phone which is portable is handy for those situations where you break down on a country road a portable phone can help make sure you are never stuck. Phones nowadays work almost every(prenominal)where, there are very few fixings where phones dont work. designate moreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Technology EssayA phone helps ensure business people are eternally in touch with their clients and those who they need to talk to right away, from work or even at dental plate. A portable phone works if charged during power outs, after accidents or whenever an emergency arises, a phone can be a lifesaver. Portable phones are becoming entertainment on the go. From television and movie downloads to games. Portable phones are great for helping people organize their lives. Some phones can handle email addresses, appointments and more. Its like carrying a personalized computer with you on the go.Mobile phones do so much that we find ourselves glued to them almost every day instead of people interacting with each other they sit with their eyeball stuck to their phones having virtual conversations instead of real ones.When trying to do work it is hard to concentrate when there is a mobile sitting staring at you as the temptation to have a look on facebook or other websites is spacious. Mobile phones can actually cost lives when drivers, focused on their mobile phones lack control of their vehicles and cause major accidents. Not as serious but you cou ld fall down stairs, head trip or run into approximatelything or someone when youre stuck on facebook. Most phones nowadays have crys on them but if you leave your phone unlocked and someone gets a hold of it them all your details are exposed your contacts, messages, social media accounts and maybe even your bank details.Even if your phone is protected with a password a hacker can still access your information if they really want to. There is a lot of evidence that mobile phones cause damage to the brain. Phones produce radiation and should not be odd near you when sleeping. They also affect a lot of peoples sleeping patterns which result in sleeplessness and insomnia. Many people like to be constantly upgraded with the newest phone. Some people want a different phone every month, as well as all the accessories that are now on the market for each mobile phone. Also what is the point of a phone without creed? Mobile phones are bottomless money pits.The landline also has many ad vantages and disadvantages. A landline always has coverage making it totally reliable and easy to access in the case of an emergency. In case of an unfortunate showcase of an earthquake or landslide, the mobile phone receives no network while the landline stays active. The dependability of a land line makes them advantageous when it comes to emergencies. For example, if someone is hurt and needs immediate medical care, you do not have to worry about poor reception. Landlines also provide a fixed location that emergency responders can rush to. If there is no power and a mobile phone dies, the substance abuser is without a phone completely if there is no landline connected to a wired phone.A landline home phones will rescue a user when their mobile phone dies. The larger coat of a landline phone allows you to more easily cradle the phone between your head and shoulder. In general, landlines are much less expensive than mobile phones. The setup cost, hardware costs and calling costs of mobile phones are all typically higher. Most landline service providers offer free local anaesthetic calls. Keeping a landline at home can help reduce your phone saddle and allow you to talk aslong as you want without worrying about racking up charges.Landlines do not couple the needs of people today. Most people spend more time outside the home. Using their mobile phone allows freedom from checking the home recorder for messages. Nowadays if someone is awaiting on an important call they do not have to sit at home and wait for the call. They can buck and receive calls from anywhere there is phone service. A landline is not portable and it cannot travel with you. Landline service only works inside the home and it also limits the callers ability to make a motion around while on a call. Landline function offer fewer options than mobile phone services. Many mobile phone companies include internet access, text messaging, voice mail and a substantial range of applications.Land lines however do not include these options. If you have a landline phone, your number and home address is in the phone book. While there are benefits to having your number listed, theres also one huge disadvantage which is telemarketers. Landline phones are more likely to get calls from telemarketers trying to sell you something at all hours. Thats because many calling centres will scroll through the phone book, calling listed number after number. These can be annoying to phone owners. Landlines consume more energy than cell phones, as they remain plugged in at all times. This is true of cordless landline phones as well, because of the charger required. While mobile phones do not last as long as landlines they are easier to recycle.The profits has been the greatest mover of communication yet. It is now faster and more reliable than ever. Nowadays it is possible to use video, chat and messenger services. There are many chat rooms on the web that can be accessed to meet new people , make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends. Social networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one day re limit visible networking. It has evolved as a great way to connect with millions of people with similar interests. A sever from finding long-lost friends, you can also look for a job, business opportunities. The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, deliver utility bills, taxes etc., and right from your home.Entertainment is another popular reason why manypeople prefer to surf the Internet. The internet has even become some peoples TV as you can watch endless programmes at the click of a button. Also downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. The Internet has any kind of information on any topic nether the sun. The search engines help you to find dat a on any subject that you need. You can also snitch online, there are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your home. E-mail is another advantage, with e-mail you can send and receive present moment electronic messages. Your messages are delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world.If you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. People can access this information through unsecured connections because use your personal details for their benefit. Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. computer virus programs may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are very prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up cra shing. People are drifting unconnected from their friends and family because of the internet. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. The Internet can be harmful to little children. Children nowadays use the Internet on a daily basis.The Internet has provided a way for children to gain access to all sorts of websites. Cyber bullying is also another huge disadvantage when it comes to the internet. There are now many more ways that people can be chafe and bullied when they have access to the internet. Cyber bullying is one of the worst as it invades the victims life in a place they are comfortable in and think they are safe, because they are being harassed in their personal area, cyber bullying leads to more depression decreased self esteem, loneliness and suicide which are all bigger disadvantages. Another disadvantage of the internet is that it has allowed a great deal of anonymity to a large number of people who have access t o different websites and chat rooms available. This has allowed perverted individuals to take advantage of complimentary people and abuse their trust. We can always hear from news that paedophiles usedthe internet to make crimes. With all its falls the internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as lick havoc in your life.Having a fax machine certainly has its benefits, there are also disadvantages associated with relying on this sending tool. With a fax machine, you can quickly send historys from one building to another without any cost. Not only does a fax machine make this rapid transfer easier and more cost-effective, it also allows for the transfer to take place more quickly. facsimile machines provide senders with a receipt after the document has finished the fax process the user has some evidence that they did, in fact, send the document. Faxes are delivered instantly to around the globe. This method of data transmission is effective when access to email or file dispense are unattainable or unfeasible. Fax machines are very inexpensive and several are part of multifunction systems.Just like all technology, fax machines can fail. If a company depends too heavily upon the fax machine and the machine fails to operate, the people using the machine may experience some difficulty. Also you cannot send a fax to someone who does not also have a fax machine the pass catcher must have a fax machine to get the document. Documents you sent may not be as safe and secure. Information thieves have ways of pulling information from old fax machines or discarded printing cartridges. Any time you send a document, via fax or otherwise, you open up the possibility of someone accessing your data, putting you at risk.Fax machines take up space and also create an opportunity for mechanical failures that may require costly repairs. Emailing documents takes no additional hardware besides an existing computer, and files can be stored digita lly rather than taking up space in paper form. Fax machines need regular maintenance. You have to stock the machines with paper and also supply toner, which are the powdered ink fax machines use to print. There is also the possibility that once a document has been faxed and the information is point or entered into a computer, the paper will be thrown away or recycled. Finally, like every machine, fax machines require occasional cleaning.

Big Drive Auto Scenario Essay Example for Free

Big Drive Auto Scenario EssayIt is the dream of every organization to memorialise a new market and in the process realize its dreams. However, this dream becomes very difficult to achieve referable to a number of factors among them entry barriers put in place by those companies that are already direct in those countries. According to Arthur, S. Sheffrin, M. , (2003), some common non-pricing barriers likely to affect a firm wishing to enter a new market are senior high school advertising costs, governing policies, customer loyalty, and cost improvement independent of scale and distributor agreements. It would therefore be recommendable for such a firm to enter into negotiations with the government of the country where it wants to venture and the early(a) firms that are operating in the country. This way, the new conjunction get out be able to cut on the cost of production. The reason is that in the negotiations, the companies will be able to discourse and have a common p ricing index that should apply to the new company.Even though the other old company will not pay any new prices, the new company will have its prices reduced substantially. This helps the new company to reduce on the cost of production thereby having more disposable income. It can use this disposable income to invest on new technology or to maximise on its production. (Arthur, S. Sheffrin, M. , 2003) Another recommendation would be for the new company to first form a word venture with the other operating company in the new company.This way, the new company will be able to escape or rather to get over all the other non-pricing barriers such high advertising costs, customer loyalty and distribution agreement. Under the umbrella of the already operating company, the new company now in the joint venture will be able to penetrate the market and all after it has succeeded in establishing the market should it break and be on its own.Due to these barriers, we can present gross sales at the new company in the tables below taking a span of ten years. From the tables, it is lightheaded that the business is moving all right up to the year 2002 when it suddenly goes down. This defines the time when the new company decides to break-off from the joint venture and be on its own. The business goes down as they are now racecourse independently but it slowly regains momentum because they are familiar with the market. (Arthur, S. Sheffrin, M. , 2003)

Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] Essay Example for Free

Radio Frequency acknowledgement RFID auditionRadio Frequency Identification RFID is considered the biggest advancement in consecrate up mountain chain guidance since the first barcode was s dopened in 1971 (Waters). RDIF is based on engineering that has been in utilize since the 1940s and World War II. More recently, RDIF just the tickets shoot been utilize to track wildlife and to part with speeding cars with Smart Pass stickers to breeze through toll booths with tabu having to dispel (Enhance Your preparation bowed stringed instrument with RFID). Only within the past few age has RFID been considered for supply chain coatings (Kirk). RFID tags atomic number 18 al memorialisey existence utilise on shipping pallets, conveyor bins and totes, and packing cartons (Logimax). RFID tags have been embedded in the ears of pets, livestock, and wildlife (Walton), to track school children (Best), and for vehicle tracking establishments (WhereNet). authorizedly, the most common use of RFID engine room is to track assets such(prenominal) as desks, office equipment, and different inventory items. About 73 percent of all RFID chips atomic number 18 before long utilise to track assets (Logimax).That percentage, however, may eventually change. Kirk noted, E very(prenominal)(prenominal) industry testamenting eventually identify a practical application for RFID, but prices testament need to make love d possess in order for umpteen another(prenominal) industries to consider the engineering for enterprise-wide development. The engine room received a big boost towards universal acceptance when it was adoptive by Wal-Mart, Inc., the worlds oversizest friendship. Wal-Mart lead require its major suppliers to include RFID tags on their products beginning January 1, 2005 (Barlas).For the end user, the concept do-nothing RFID is the same as the concept behind the barcode. info is recorded onto an RFID tag that is either pr one to or embedded into an item. The recorded study may then be retrieved when the tag is s good dealned. For end users, the most probatory differences between RFID and barcodes will be ease of see and the ability to update breeding.The workhorse of the RFID organization is the small intercommunicate transponder, called a tag, that is either embedded in or attached to an object. The tag consists of a microchip attached to an antenna. The RFID tag sustains a crushed-power radio receiver signal that is picked up by the s burnner, which is essentially a radio transceiver.RFID is a spic-and-span technology of store of identified information virtually commodity, charge, product or, for eccentric, participant of some conference. Information is recorder on a micro lineation and together with miniature antenna is placed at/ in spite of appearance of some material. As a result, some token, label, tag appears, which is able to transfer recorder information for a small aloofness.It is natural that to read information from RFID-be ber we need reading or, as it is called, interrogatory thingummy. This device has an antenna and preempt be fixed or por plug-in like image scanner for reading of bar-codes. Actually, RFID is a further development of technology of marking with alleviate of code-bars. The advantage is that radio allows reading information in conditions of absence of direct visibility between devices of reading and transferring of information. It means that reading of information with the answer of RFID technology can be automated and to beget place without direct participation of bulk.RFID is integrated with any system of coordination, and read information can be recorder into infobase. You can place inside of RFID-be arrs any data, they can be mediators for transfer (synchronization) of information between different information systems. RFID-bearers can keep in retrospect the history of origin (genealogy) of the product, what allows using them together with other devices in order to increase automation take of manufacture and to preserve from mistakes in this serve up.There are several types of RFID-bearers. Before you choose any, you need to negate basic technical characteristics of RFID system and standards, which exist in the government regarding frequency regulation. There are devil types of RFID-bearers active and passive. Active RFID tags contain a small battery that is good for about 20 hours of transmission clock time. Active tags have a longer transmission grasp than passive tags. They are used when the tag will only be needed for a limited amount of time and/or thither is a limited amount of data to store and pass. Active tags are available in read-only or read-write versions.The main characteristics of active tags are accumulator power supply data transfer for distance of 8-30 meters the live is approximately $20-70 per each initiative to find its location in the system of two coordinates the example of utilisati on are cashier posts in super securities industrys. The characteristics of passive RFID-bearers are power supply from reading device data transfer for distance from several inches to 7,00 meters the address is approximately $1 per each identification of separate products the example of rule is system of stock-taking. Passive RFID tags wake up when they are scanned. Because they have no battery to break down out, passive tags will last for the life of the object to which they are attached. Passive tags come with either read/write or read-only capabilities.Mostly all the readers follow the basic architecture as shown below.RFID systems are proposed to be used mainly in frequency ranges which dont need to get a license, so it helps to decrease the cost for their application. There are several radio ranges like these 125/134, 2 kHz, 13, 56 MHz, 900 MHz and 2, 4 GHz. The distance to read information from the bearer is mainly determined by field of view where it is used. Nevertheless, bearers which work at long and short waves, can transfer data at distances from 2,5 boulder clay 50 sm passive bearers in frequency range of 900 MHz, work at distance savings bank 7 meters, and in frequency rages from 30 sm till 2 meters.The 13.56-MHz tags hold as much than as 2,000 bits of data, or roughly 30 time the information of 125-KHz tags (Brewin). There is currently no FCC standard for RFID tag frequencies, although manufacturers are working towards developing standards that could be universally accepted. Sony and Philips have concur to develop technology run at 13.56 MHz. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Chinas State Radio Regulatory Commission have agreed to support the 434 MHz radio-frequency band (Spiegel Supply ambit focus Review)We need to take into account that distance of action in many respects depends of material in which RFID-micro scheme is placed. Micro scheme is tuned for a certain material. In moorage youll put micro scheme for car windscreen, working at radio range 900 MHz, in a wooden box, there will be some difficulties to read information. Radio-specialists retire excessively that any radio range correspond to certain antennas.RFID just stared to be used in the modern society, mainly in retail trade and storage service for automatic stock-taking.On any interesting story took place in 2003 with a famous electronic manufacturer Philips Electronics and manufacturer of change state Benetton. In the end of March one of directors of Philips Semiconductor gave information regarding their plans for the nearest future. Particularly, he told that Philips will supply 15 one thousand millions of RFID chips to Italian beau monde Benetton, which, in its turn, will use them in their yield, selling in their own trading network consisting of five thousand shops over the world. They told that any kind of vesture which cost much then 15 dollars will have RFID chip, realized on basis of tiny micro scheme Philips I.CODE.Although RFID chips are widely used in manufacture processes of Dell computers or automobile giants like Toyota and Ford, new initiative for fashion industry is the big operation. Many famous firms like Prada, Wal-Mart, Tesco already use RFID technology but in smaller quantities. The micro scheme I.CODE will be pressed into smart teg in the process of clothes manufacture.Benetton wanted to put information about a model type , size, people of colour and destination in order to watch the itinerary of every piece from manufacture and storage till retail. I.CODE chip has 1024 bytes of re-writing information (EEPROM) and works at frequency range 13,56 MHz. One can read information from micro scheme at distance till 1,5 meters (conditions of direct visibility are not obligatory). For the aftermath of 2003 Philips sold approximately more(prenominal) then half a milliard of such micro chips to different customers. The wholesale price is less then 20 cents per each (Richard W. B oss).Naturally, new initiative of Benetton aroused aversion from people who considered it a violation of privacy. The association agreed that there is not much use from such tags, and seek to find a way to deactivate chip at the moment of commodity sale, in causal agent there will be a lot of protesting customers. For the moment, the only way out to get give up of tag at your neck is to cut it off from the product.What are advantages of using RFID tags? Lets venture that such tags will be inside of any product which is in supermarket you just take the prerequisite thing and go out without long queers to cashier and other benefits of modern trading system. When you go out from the shop, there is a device, which prevails reading of information regarding the price of your shopping from commodity tag and from tag which is in your credit menu or passport, and the bill they will send you directly home. It is very convenient to the seller as rise up, because it helps to simplify the process of trading. This example is the simplest one. They plan to use RFID tags intimately everywhere starting from books and clothes and finishing with specie bills (European Union, 2005).Their usage will help to simplify and automate many routine operations, which we make every day. Besides, RFID tags usage will help to increase effectiveness of many processes. Lets reckon that the emptor of clothes with such tag will come, wearing these clothes, to another shop of the same company (remember Benetton with its trading network) computer will scan it, read the tag and will get the information from net from central database regarding what this man have bought last time and what they can offer him in first turn.But, as think numerous members of societies for human rights defense, RFID tags in clothes of human being can be used in coifly the government will be able to watch gap of people (RFID scanners will be added to places where there are a lot of people such like metro s tations, squares, crossroads, etc), as well as hackers, freackers and others can use the tags with bad intentions. Access to databases will allow, without any doubt, to identify personality by tags, and this is loss of privacy. Still, it will take time to make the usage of RFID tags in such a way nowadays RFID tags and equipment are quite expensive and not so popular. There is possibility to put inside the chip a device or platform, which will deactivate tag by customers wish. By information of CNET agency, aviation company Delta Air Line invests 15-25 million dollars in integration of RFID technology in its system of luggage processing, After the system will be installed, operator will be able to control dislocation and motion of passenger luggage from terminal of company, where they will put a radio tag Destination point (name of airport). The only difference of this new technology is that passenger at least, will know where is his luggage.Now the systems is as follows radio sc anners read information from tiny RFID tags, are installed in zone of passport control, along the belt of transporter which moves the luggage to cargo airliner, and finally, near the doors of cargo liner. explorative tests made by Delta Airlines by route Atlanta-Jacksonville, have shown that operator is able to follow up the cargo almost all the time, when the cargo is at zone of his responsibility. Quite possible, that in the nearest future this possibility will have passengers as well (Richard W. Boss).Nowadays, Delta Airlines looses four suitcases from every thousand, which costs more then one hundred million dollars per each year, spent for search of suitcases and compensation of lost things. Considering the fact that Delta, like many of American air companies experiences some financial problems, possibility to cancel these expenses from their budget was the main factor for management of company for such innovations.RFID is often used in circumstances, which can be called un pu blic. For example, not long time ago identification of animals and putting tags at them was considered to be a novelty. Tradition of such strange usage is increasing.In Las Vegas were held tests for electronic management and identification of value in BlackJack risques. all chips-stakes in system Safe Jack contain components Hitag from Micron Identification Austrian company, belonging to Philips. When the player puts tag in the field of stake, they are recognized and the stake is taken. Several chips can be recognized even if they are put into pile. Given cards are recognized automatically, so every game is under control. increase of preventive and protection from cheating, collection of statistic data as well made a number of gambling casino owners to show interest to such an interesting system. Because Safe Jack doesnt prevent a frequent way of game, players adopted new system and moreover, novice usage of technology in this field added to the game attraction.These RFID tags will help also to avoid false casino dibs. Usually owners of casino used colourise luminescent in ultraviolet. Such protection wasnt effective enough, so from time to time they were squeeze to change all the casino dibs, and this procedure not only costs a lot of money, but irritates casino players as well. This fancy will prevent robberies from side of stuff as well and owners of casino will get opportunity to watch players which squander money and will have a opportunity to work with them in order to force them spend more money, for example, proposing them a room in hotel or free drink.Nowadays, the researchers develop works, which will allow finding out if this system will be also good for other games (Richard W. Boss).German company tube-shaped structure Group also starts RFID identification at chain of supply of its production. Twenty suppliers of company will deliver identification tags to their distribution centers. Company declared that will start to use new technologi es on computer basis and information technologies of IBM corporation, which will be used in order to provide standard infrastructure of deliveries in process of manufacture and delivery during collecting, compend and management of information regarding supplies, received with the help of identification tags and reading devices.Means of identification will bring down up the industry of retail to a new level, these are words of Gerd Wolfram, manager of be sick Metro Group Future Store Initiative. Taking into account Metro, this system will provide unvarying control under the process of delivery in internet, which will allow the sellers to determine exact dislocation of commodity at any stage of delivery process from supplier to distributor storage facilities and centers.The Metro supermarket in Reinberg is full of technical novelties, which make contact of shop with the customers more personalized. The customer can take in the entrance to the shop a small computer, a personal he lper. Gerd Wolfram enters code of his truth card inside the computer. We can see personified greeting note and proposition of special respective(prenominal) discounts. Really, I buy this kind of bread very often, tells Gerd, the technology allows us to give personal promo-offers, which the customers like very much (Richard W. Boss).The clever court has other functions as well. For example, we can send from home computer a list of products (About 61,3% of customers in Germany prefer make shopping in accordance with a list), and when youll authorize your trueness card, the list will appear at the monitor. The computer will play a role of navigation system then it will show direction to the noted product.All shelves in supermarket are supplied with electronic prices (there is about 37000 of prices). Some of them contain two prices usual and with discount. You can refresh information for prices very quickly, notes Wolfram and goes to information desk. There are 16 such desks in supermarket. Wolfram puts to scanning device of terminal a bottle of wine. The monitor displays information about manufacturer region, recommended temperature of storage, etc. If we put there meat, monitor displays schematic picture of caw, and the back flashes. The screen offers to look through and to print the recipes.All these 16 RFID terminals give the managers an opportunity to watch all dislocations of people inside the supermarket. People, who took the commodity with RFID chip. It shows how many proceeding he spends, how he is going, what is he interested in. Advertising displays react to this customer as well when he approaches, different advertisings are been played but they consist of information that interests the customer. RFID helps against thefts as well. Within 10 years RFID system will appear on all commodities, optimistically notes Wolfram.We go to cashiers. You can pay with a help of cashier or scan the commodity by yourself with the help of interactive sensor monitor. The buyer scans commodity and puts it into a plastic bag, which is located on a special device controller. In case somebody forgot to scan a commodity and put it into the bag, the system will remind him. Besides, the process is controlled with help of video cameras, notes Wolfram. Device takes credit cards and cash. With the help of this system we managed to make process of client service of process faster (Richard W. Boss).In the middle of November the biggest world trading network Wal-Mart and manufacturer of cosmetics Procter Gamble were in the concentrate of scandal as a result of high-tech. They put in one of supermarkets in Tals as experiment, a shelf with lipstick Max Factor LipFinity, each package of which had RFID tag. Besides, they put a web-camera, which allowed specialists of company-manufacturer to watch the process of trading.The representative of lipstick manufacturer explained We wanted to understand, if this technology will help to provide availabilit y of our production on shelves. We know tat our clients are irritated when they cannot find necessary product which is absent or isnt in the right place. Control of commodity in real time almost without participation of human is able to influence the volumes of trading and concurrent struggle, simultaneously decreasing the manufacturers expenses. The customer who bought a lipstick with RFID tag and who has it in her bag, will be noticed during her next tour to the shop.This scandal, possibly, will be an obstacle in the way of usage of RFID technologies in retail networks, but RFID tags are already used where the defenders of private life dont have nark. frontmost of all, RFID technologies are used in non-contact access cards and tickets. Here is used a high principle of high-tech application dont want dont use. Sure, you can refuse from high-tech access card or a ticket, but at the same time youll loose work or discounts for travel.The manufacturer of domestic electric appliance s company Merloni is ready to supply washing machines with system of support of RFID tags because tags can contain coded recommendations for washing.Company Goodyear plans to supply with RFID tags tires, which it produces. Here tag should reflect their basic features, as well as height of protector and pressure. Quite probably this will be for tires for commercial transport (trucks).Russian company Luxsoft develops connections between RFID tags and sensor networks (networks of miniature sensors, possessing calculation possibilities, means of wireless connection and number of sensors) it will allow in perspective to add into tags additional information, for example, about temperature or humidity at separate stages of transporting. The Ministry of dis verification of the United States, which is known for its love to new technologies, announced that till year 2005 all suppliers of USA soldiers should put on commodity, except of friable products and big volumes of liquids, by RFID t ags. By opinion of military, this approach will allow to improve control for commodity presence and for its supply. Still, dont forget the fact that spies will have possibility to watch the dislocation of military supplies and separate subdivisions.Basic tasks in library patronage are to prevent robberies, to make a database for books and cd-s, and search some definite books with certain criteria. All these tasks cannot be fully realized with help of barcodes and usual means of theft prevention. The French company Tagsys offers specialized last for libraries. RFID tag realizes simultaneously all these functions and allows keeping information regarding definite book or CD, for example, place where it should be kept. The system consists of the following partsTerminal for reading of barcodes and reading/writing of radio tags.It allows connecting a usual scanner of barcodes and presents convenient and quick transfer of information from barcodes to RFID tags. Scanning of barcode, recor ding of RFID tag and activation of synthetic rubber function is made within one second. With the help of terminal we are able to read and program new RFID tags by any kind of data.Terminal for simultaneous reading of several tags (till 16)This is terminal for table of registration. Is has more functions than the previous one. It consists of separate control block and one or two antenna. It allows scanning till 16 RFID tags at the same time, what allows fastening in dozens of time work with clients. form of safety.System of safety in order to prevent theft of books, which dont have activation of safety in RFID tags. This is an independent device, consisting of two posts, which is able to produce controlling signals to close the doors, recording of camera or give siren signal. It can be put on any surface, which doesnt conduct current.Barcodes can only hold a relatively small amount of information. RFID tags can hold much more information, including serial numbers, shipping informati on, name, price, and any other information that might be useful for a unique(predicate) purpose. Unlike barcodes, which cannot be updated as the product moves from place to place, the information on RFID read/write tags may be updated as the product passes through the supply chain. Updates may include logging the time of receipt, sales order numbers, quality control information, or even data that would allow the tag to serve as a bill of lading for shipping (Logimax).Proponents of RFID point out that the system boosts productivity and is cost-effective, eliminating scanning times required by barcodes and reducing paperwork. RDIF is fast, although not as fast as some may believe. Current RFID readers are reported to read up to 150 tags per second, not thousands (Kirk). Still, scanning 150 tags per second with RFID is much faster than the time required to scan 150 barcoded items.In inventory management alone, Logimax estimates productivity gains in the 5 to 10 percent range. Additio nal time would also be saved by being able to know exactly where product is along the supply chain on the shop floor, in the warehouse, or in the store. WhereNet estimates that RFID can reduce the delivery chain by 1 to 3 days. If companies deploy RFID and data synchronization, the total savings on improved information can reach $200 to $four hundred billion (Spiegel,RFID and data sync seen delivering billions in savings.). Kirk is more conservative with his estimates, noting that early adopters of RFID technology have seen 3 percent to 5 percent reduction in overall supply chain costs and 2 percent to 7 percent increases in revenue from inventory visibility (Kirk).Kirk lists five ways by which RFID improves productivity and increases profitsReduced labor in high-volume product identificationReduced labor in lot trackingIncreased information accuracy throughout the supply chainAutomated proof of deliveryReal-time inventory levelsThe power of RFID could increase exponentially when th e tags are linked to the Internet. A bind from Sun notes that information on RFID tags could be hyperlinked to additional information, including manufacturing batch and production history, product handling instructions, storage or delivery instructions, expiration dates, and other details. The possibilities are limited only by the imagination. (Enhance Your Supply Chain with RFID).Kirk, however, points out what RFID is not capable of doing. RFID can tell the distributor if the product is in the warehouse, what time it arrived, and when it is anticipate to leave, but it cannot locate an item. RFID is not a Global Positioning System GPS (Kirk, emphasis as it appears in the original). RFID may, however, be used along with a GPS system to locate items with an accuracy of 10 feet. RFID radio waves cannot fathom liquids, may have trouble penetrating metal, and may pick up interference from electric motors and other electromagnetic devices. These potential limitations could affect how R FID will be used in some production facilities and warehouses.The benefits of RFID come at some price. Spiegel reports that suppliers to Wal-Mart and the Department of Defense and their customers will need to spend $3 million to $35 million implementing RFID in 2004 (Spiegel, R. RFID and data sync seen delivering billions in savings). Per unit costs decrease with volume, which is wherefore Wal-Mart can afford to implement the system.Smaller businesses might not be able to afford the evoke to RFID. For those who will not be buying literally billions of RFID tags at a time, the low-end cost is about 30 cents per tag, depending on the type of the chip, how it is housed, and the volume purchased. More durable tags that are designed to withstand the harsh environments set in manufacturing applications can cost between $2 -$4 each at volumes of tens of thousands (Kirk).Prices for tags and other RFID technology will no doubt drop over time. Early cell phones and Palm Pilots were much mo re expensive and did much less than models that are sold today. Eventually, prices for RFID tags and systems will almost certainly drop as use of the technology becomes more widespread.As with any new technology, there are some concerns regarding issues surround security and abuse. RFID tags can carry a lot of information, including an items manufacturing and distribution history. Tags could also record credit card information, which presents another potential security risks. In order to be able to meet the demands of industry, RFID tags must transmit indiscriminately to any scanner that is in the area. Tags and scanners could be misused to gain unauthorized information.There are also concerns about privacy. Actually, all rumors regarding unsanctioned usage of RFID tags are a result of ignorance of different things about RFID technology. It is not a secret that practice to implant tags to people in USA and Mexico.In 2002 company Applied Digital Solutions got right to sell microchips VeryChip, which are implanted to people and containing his identification code.This code can be connected with database, where any kind of information can be contained, as well as any medical data. The matter is that such chip is a possibility to get medical help in time for many families, who have ill people at home, or for example, to find a person until he gets into trouble.From the other side, and this information can be confirmed by any in force(p) in this field,- it is possible to defend from RFID tags. The idea is to make a jammer which will be able to oppose the reading device. Sure, the best way is to make it in the image and likeness of RFID tags. The jammer should present a device, copy work of radio-identifying micro schemes, with the only difference that it should present as a reply for pass alongs of scanners not correct information, but some accidental garbage.Two moments are important in work of such device. First of all, it should understand requests of differen t scanners. Second of all, the best way is to give as answer for one request a lot of answers simultaneously. This is supposition that in such situation scanner will simply confuse. This idea belongs to company RSA Security, which for the present moment is researching it in its laboratories and plans to make test micro schemes in the nearest future. So, actually, strugglers for emancipation can sleep with calm. At least, this not so revolutionary technology will not deprive them of freedom.Rumors about RFID technology being used to track products to the homes of individuals are probably exaggerated. The limited transmission range of the chips and the lack of GPS capabilities rules out any feasible use of RFID as a system for tracking individual items beyond the store or warehouse. Wal-Mart will be using RFID to track pallets and other shipping containers and not to track individual items. Wal-Mart had explored the possibility of using Smart Shelves equipped with RFID to indicate w hen inventory was running low or to detect the possibility of theft. Gillette announced that it would work with Wal-Mart to develop packaging that was compatible with the Smart ledge system. However, the project was deferred after concerns over consumer privacy were raised by consumer groups (Gilbert).Organizations that use RFID will save money in the long through increased productivity, decreased inventory loss, and more reliable tracking of inventory. However, these long-term benefits will only be reaped by those who can afford the high start up costs of the technology. There is currently no race to the bottom for RFID technology. Although the price of tags may have dropped since the first tags were introduced, these savings are typically realized only by those organizations that are large enough to buy large quantities of tags literally billions at a time. Smaller firms will continue to pay higher prices for RFID tags.High cost of implementation combined with the tendency of s ome organizations to stick with proven technologies until all the kinks are worked out of the current generation of products means that barcodes will continue to be in use for some time. It is unlikely that the barcode scanner at the supermarket will be replaced with an RDIF scanner in the near future, although RFID could easily be used for that application. It is more likely that the two systems will exist side-by-side for some time to come, with RFID being used for manufacturing, shipping, and other large-scale business purposes and barcodes being used for smaller, more individual applications, such as pricing individual items.So, a short summary for usage of RFID tags will be as follows By some forecasts, year 2005 will be decisive for RFID technologies we expect decrease of prices XEROX announced the new method of jet-print of RFID tags. Till 2007 market of equipment and service for RFID will be more then 4 milliard dollars. This fact proves the concept that RFID technology is very perspective and has numerous variants of usage. Data of RFID tag can be re-writed and added, it can be classified tags are more long-termed the location of tag isnt of any importance for tag reader the tag is interrupt protected from influence of environment. In case the RFID scanners will be systematized and work in all used frequencies, the usage will be simpler and more effective. So, finally, we can conclude that RFID technology has a great future. whole kit and caboodle CitedBarlas, Demir. Wal-Marts RFID Mandate Line56.com June 04, 2003. Online. 13 shocking 2004 http//www.line56.com/articles/default.asp?ArticleID=4710Best, Jo. Schoolchildren to be RFID-chipped Slicon.com 8 July 2004. Online. 13 high-minded 2004 http//networks.silicon.com/lans/0,39024663,39122042,00.htmBrewin, B. Radio Frequency Identification Computer World. 16 December 2002. Online 13 August 2004 http//www.computerworld.com/mobiletopics/mobile/technology/story/0,10801,76682,00.htmlEnhance Your Supply Chain with RFID. Sun. Online 13 August 2004 http//www.sun.com/br/manufacturing_1120/feature_rfid.htmlGilbert, A. Major retailers to test smart shelves CNET News.com 8 January 2003. Online 14 August 2004 http//zdnet.com.com/2100-1103-979710.htmlKirk, Julie. Pennies a Tag Making Cents Out of RFID Myths. White paper. Applied Creative Technologies. whitethorn 2004. Online. 13 August 2004 http//www.appliedcreativetech.com/pdfs/RFIDMyths.pdfLogimax Making Sense of RFID White paper. Online 13 August http//www.e-logimax.com/downloads/l_making_sense_of_rfid.pdfSpiegel, R. RFID and data sync seen delivering billions in savings. Supply Chain Management Review 1 May 2004. HighBeam.com Database. 13 August 2004. http//www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1118850308Speigel, R. Supply Chain Management Review 8.5.66. ProQuest Database 13 August 13, 2004. http//gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004Walton, Marsha. USDA steps up efforts to track livestock CNN 28 May 2004. Online. 13 Au gust 2004 http//www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/05/24/animalidentification/index.htmlWaters, Jennifer. Wal-Marts muscle advancing use of RFIDs Investors Daily 6 July 2004. Online. 13 August 2004 http//www.investors.com/breakingnews.asp?journalid=22013065brk=1WhereNet. WhereNet Automates Vehicle Tracking and Management for Automotive OEMs 10 August 2004. HighBeam.com Database. 13 August 2004 http//www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1120383879Richard W. Boss, RFID Technology, Public Library Association (PLA) Tech Notes

Pre and Post M&a Performance in Accounting Ratio Essay Example for Free

Pre and Post Ma Performance in bill Ratio EssayThere be loads of tools to measure the exertion of a financial performance of an entity however financial ratios is probably the best known tool which is mainly to analyze the performance of an entity by comparability the present to the past relative figures taken or composed from the financial statement . The few categories of ratios argon liquidity ratios, cyberspaceability ratios, efficiency ratios, debt ratios and foodstuff ratios which get erupt be fit to describe the entitys characteristics. Ratios show the true performance and impersonate of the entity. In magnitude for investors to determine their choices of entity to invest in, financial ratios maneuver an important role in providing sufficient information to users ab forth the entitys characteristic.We predict that companies atomic number 18 performing better later onward spinal fusion and learnedness and in that location go forth be an outgrowth in gelt of companies pre union and encyclopaedism comp be to post conjugation and encyclopedism activities. However, the global nuclear fusion and science (MA) market is expected to experience a modest function up this class following momentous revisions in shekels expectation for 2009. Studies relatively prove that ratios argon important and which ratios, among the loads of ratios which shtup be computed easy from the available financial statement, should be used to analyze to obtain a wise termination (Kung Thomas, 1981) (M aretno Howard, 1996). conundrum statement explanation ratios usage in merger acquisition are non understood re bothy nearly as to whether companies or investors are employ method of eyeshadeing ratios to analyze performance pre and post finale devising for MA. Therefore, this pay off give try to find out as to whether merger and acquisition activities are caused by the use of accounting ratio when management tries to expand a teleph oners surgical process. Accounting ratios is wide in variety and is known for its diversities in calculating different ratios, which makes selecting the right ratio to do digest on is nasty. Every association when making merger and acquisition decisions pass on cast off to go through different decision making process in their organization and non based alone on accounting ratios when taking actions. Things such as relationship of coming together companies, financing matter or management efficiency are often overlooked in previous studies, therefore, apart from addressing the use of accounting ratio in making merger and acquisition, we volition also address on other matters that are shineing merger and acquisition decision making.Companies that have made merger and acquisition in the few eld will be analyzed whether merger and acquisition has benefitted the company. This psychodepth psychology will have to be based on companies that have made merger and acquisition for f ew years so that analysis could be made to as certain whether merger and acquisition has improved the companys performance. The data that is calm could be redundant as the data collected could only be analyzed from the past. by from that, companies that are engaged in merger and acquisition will tend to keep their methods in acquiring companies as a secret therefore, there is no information that will be disclosed to us when we are doing research. We will only be able to get information based on contract on the Bursa Saham Malaysia and also annual report analysis on the companies that we will base our study on. Based altogether on the annual report, we will have to analyze companies that have been engaged in merger and acquisition is performing better as a company before merger and acquisition or after merger and acquisition.Studies that have addressed the problemSeveral past studies have shown several(prenominal) findings. There were fundamental improvements in the liquidity, l everage and profitability position of most studied companies. Normally, nitty-gritty as invests consist of equity, debt and retained loot to finance the corporation. In the study, it was found that total assets were always less than the debt plus equity for pre acquisition period, but after acquisition, it is positive. All the units selected for the study were sick, but after coup detat five out of eight bring back (Rao Sanker, 1997). The acquiring loadeds had performed above the industry average and the claimd firms were below the industry average in term of size of it and profitability (Cosh et al., 1998).The firms recorded meaningful join on in their net earnings, and those with the successful merger of the firms, the return on capital employed and return on total assets, plusd substantially with a signifi spatet percentage. The variance in the earnings (risk) of the pre-merger firms was signifi potentiometertly senior high schooler than that of post-merger firms (Agun du Karibo, 1999). Pilloff (1996) finds no significant change in post merger ROE, however, when he utilizes run income before provision instead of net income to calculate ROE, there is a significant increase in post-merger returns.Deficiencies in studiesUnfortunately, most studies do not distinguish between healthy and disruptive companies due to the relative scarcity of outright failures as an indicator of the latter. Data are not right away available to every person and critical data is only available to top level management, which causes analysis on company performance not accurate. Accounting ratios usage in studies are not ilk for number of ratios used and types of ratios used, making comparisons of this study to previous studies almost impossible. Some of the studies only find out accounting ratio performance before and after merger and acquisition, but they did not take into account the management performance improvement.Importance of the studyBasically, the compelling re ason for merger and acquisition is to make much money. This study analyses the pre and post performance in accounting ratio of various entities in Malaysia which knotty in merger and acquisition. Therefore, it seeks to give to entities which look forward to expand their businesses by merging and acquiring entities in order to broaden their inceptions and to increase their performance as wholesome up as position of the entity.This study also justifies the splendour of financial ratios as a tool in decision making for most users to merge and create entities. Besides that, this study further proves that financial ratios could be used to speculate and estimate the future of the entitys development and growth by developing ratio mensurates to be compared with the normal or steady honor. Further more(prenominal), the global merger and acquisition market is expected to experience a modest increase this year following significant revisions in earnings expectation for 2009. Accordi ng to KPMG foreigns Global merger and acquisition Predictor, modest increases are expected in both deal-making appetite and capacity globally. Therefore, it is hoped that the result of this study is valuable to entities for the purpose of merging and acquiring.Purpose statementThe purpose of this study is to determine whether financial ratios contribute to the decision in merging and acquiring another entity. For this purpose, we analyze the performance of the entity before and after merging or acquisition of the holding or parent entity across industries to identify the status of the performance and position of the entity mensesly. We would have to identify the entitys characteristics in terms of their operating and accounting performance by comparing to their values before the merger and acquisition. In our analysis, we also focus on the use financial ratios as a mechanism to compare the pre and post-acquisition performance. Furthermore, we also use financial ratio to predict th e performance of the acquired entity as well as the growth of the entity.Organization of the studyThe rest of the research is organized into chapters as follows. Chapter 2 review about the literature regarding the accounting ratio performance before and after merger and acquisition would be provided. The topic and the arguments from police detectives will be discussed. Justification of the research objectives would be provided with all the relevant literatures. Chapter 3 describes and provides detailed explanation on the method used in collecting the relevant data, the desired prototype design, appropriate methodology employed in this study and also the data analysis method.CHAPTER 2 literary productions REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn this chapter, further discussion on the topic will be make based on prior empirical studies and a derivation of hypothesis will be done. To be able to evaluate the post and pre merger and acquisition deal by companies in Malaysia, a concept is to be con ceived with prior literature that is related to the performance of firms that has been acquiring other firms.2.1 Theory/Concept sternShareholders of a corporation that is involved in Merger Acquisition activity would like to see their value of shopworn in the acquiring corporation to rise post-MA compared to pre-MA. Therefore, it is important that an MA transaction done with the shareowners in mind, this theory of maximizing shareholder value is fairly new as it is introduced by William Lazonick and Mary OSullivan in year 2000. Shareholder value should be used regularly when decisions are made to be able to regulate how a company operates for the sake of the shareholders. For a shareholder to have his value increased, all the activities from the factory proles to top level management should work together to find the best way to increase the value of the company. To increase shareholder value, restructuring of companies are needed to be able to sustain the changing scotch clima te according to time development. Evaluation of companies performance will be done to ensure shareholders value do increase post-MA.From the theory we could derive that performance of a company depends on the value that they would like to preserve for their shareholders. For every shareholder that would like to expand the company operation and size, they will have to be able to provide funds for the company in the form of enthronisation. Apart from that, trend evolution plays a part in a merging or acquisition decision. An acquirer may look at the performance of the company that they are trying to takeover. The acquirers look at the financial feasibility of acquiring the company on the share price and value for money. If a value is low, they will be able to takeover the company at a lower price. And it is known that MA deals are done so that a company could expand into a new market segment or improve their current segment.Apart from that, it should be noted that there are several t ypes of mergers and acquisition. It should be noted that firms that are acquiring are bigger if not significantly larger than the acquired firms.2.2 Review of Prior Empirical StudiesLife daily round of a firm will accelerate the need for MA deals as firms grew older, they could be expanding their size and because of this, and MA will be done to be able to involve themselves into different segments of businesses. According to (Sian Owen Alfred Yawson, 2008), they propose that in certain life cycle of a company, they will engage in some kind of MA activities. This is because there is a need to grow their company or to decrease the involvement of the owner by heavy(p) up the power of the company to another firm. Therefore, it should be noted that companies will go through MA at different life cycle to develop their performance even further or scarcely to pull out of the company willpower. The data that they use to examine this is based in the US, therefore, it may be not practical to be used here, but this is an opportunity for us to examine the life cycle factor in the pre and post MA performance figure.The main objective for merger and acquisition activities is to increase the return of the equity shareholders who are considered real owners of the company. Shareholders are also takes the responsibilities to bear maximum risk of the company. diametrical impact (positive, disconfirming and mix) either success or failure will occur for different MA deals.Since we cannot make any conclusion based on only one ratio. So, different ratio are using in this article to measure the company performance in term of liquidity position, operating efficiency, overall efficiency, return to equity shareholders and financial composition. By looking at single ratio, it is hard for researcher to determine whether acquirer company success or failure to make MA deals? Because a high rate of return showed on acquiree company such as consulting firms doesnt means they make a good investments, since they require no assets. There are more than half of the 74 merger and acquisition cases showed an improvement in the financial performance in post time period of this article.However, 15% out of these cases had increase their working capital and debt to equity, which means that the company suffer long term financial preventive of current assets and long terms funds which use to finance current assets. Small sample size was used by this researcher. Although there are 200 deals of MA in India but only 74 companies can provide the available financial data which require by researcher. So, there was reliable come forward of this research outcome. Except ratio, there are many issues must be takes into consideration by making MA decision such as by predicting future prospects, company past performance, law and regulations of the state which can help to reach a better conclusion. So researcher cant make exact and absolute conclusion by only interpret financial ratio of company (Kumar and Bansal, 2008).Those are significant battle between merger and acquisition. Misleading conclusions may be made by those researchers who unite these two different terms. Acquisitions is a more successful way to bring positive effects to the company compared with mergers in term of generate greater profitability, return on investment or equity, increased in operating performance, etc. This might due to the way the merger or acquire. Acquirer may acquire a small division, patent or the company which use for the purpose of strategic alliances and value added to current business. In contrary, merges activities become less attractive to the potential shareholder due to subdue return or shareholder wealth or even negative return and decrease in profitability or even suffer losses of the company (Hassan, Patro, Tuckman Wang, 2007).The theoretical models of liquidity stresses the degree of trading gillyflower, adverse selection, stock volatility, and competitiveness of market making (Lipson Mortal, 2007). According to the prior review, the degree of trading interest in a stock has a positive relationship with the level of trading activity. Therefore, the fixed trading monetary values can be spread out over a larger number of trades. The adverse selection cost incurs when negative action is taken to counter an adverse situation of trades. For example, if stock traders have relatively more information compare to the liquidity providers, liquidity providers will think their losses from trading with better certified counterparts by increasing their average revenue. Stock volatility affects the trading cost positively as well. When stocks are more volatile, the holding cost of the stock would be relatively higher and the cost would be passed on to buyers when being traded. The competitiveness of market making affects the trading cost negatively. When the market makers are less competitive, the increase in rivalry will reduce the trading cost. Besi des that, the firms characteristics also affect the accounting ratio after MA.Prior studies noted that MA increases the liquidity of firms on average but the improvements are fully explained by the accompanying changes in firm characteristics (Lipson Mortal, 2007). Firm characteristics such as sizes of the firm, people and number of shareholders are taken into consideration in prior studies. Relatively larger firms will have greater trading interest since more positions are offered in the firm. Benston and Hangerman (1974) also acknowledge the effect of firm size and volume to MA. Therefore, the sizes of the firm are expected to affect the decision MA of a firm. The increase in adverse selection can be seen in Heflin and Shaw (2000) where they argue that the effect of a blockholder ownership is a result of superior blockholder information. The results are consistent with the results in Lipson and Mortal (2007). Past studies document that larger firms tend to be followed by a great er number of market makers (Wahal, 1997), which he attributes to increased competition among market makers. Also derived in Lipson and Mortal (2007), the increased in market making reduces order touch on cost, hence reducing trading cost.According to (Arturo Bris, Neil Brisley, Christos Cabolis 2008), MA is done following the in in incorporated organisation decision as intelligent rules or accounting standard. The countries difference in degree of investor protection as well as firm value, ownership building. When we are merger and acquisition usually adopts the accounting standards. This implies that, the corporate in a country can adopt difference level of investor protect. If corporate governance have set the effective rules then the corporate follow it.Therefore, the corporate investments losses or change operation performance. The legal rule can protect shareholder and investors so that they will not have legal liabilities. The corporate governance quality is follow share holder protection and accounting standard when we are merger and acquisition can test corporate worsening and preserving acquisitions. If we are test pre merger and acquisition performance not efficiency then corporate governance quality also will not good. The corporation will easy give large corporate takeover or the corporation will bankrupt. However, the corporation operation quality good will not let large corporate takeover the firm. The corporate governance quality well can enhance merger and acquisition value and good performance.According to Holger Breinlich (2008), merger and acquisition become industrial restructuring after trade liberalization. It is can increase merger and acquisition activities and merger and acquisition transferred resource from less to more productive firms. It is because pre corporation not efficiency performance source make it loss. Therefore, after merger and acquisition the corporate efficiency performance source make it earning profit and improv ement the corporate. Merger and acquisition not just to transfer source, it is also can qualitatively difference from other adjust form. in advance merger and acquisition is not well make the workers becoming idle and also will make economic recession. When new ownership takeover the corporate then worker has working already and economic also will slowly become good. However, the larger corporate takeovers corporate better the corporate bankrupt and as such no need face unnecessary legal restriction.From the past studies, Letho and Lehtoranta (2004) study that MA synergies can be realized by owing unique engine room and knowledge and then transferring these intangibles to the target firm. The industrial organization (IO) literature states that both horizaontal and industry-diversifying acquisitions might affect RD. When firms are active in the line of business, economies of scale in RD input can be occurred because of MAs. Besides, value can created also by MAs from uniting compl ementary know-how (Cassiman B, Colombo M, Garrone P, Veugelers R, 2003). Similarly, intangibles could matter in domestic as well as cross-border takeover (Kang and Johansson, 2000). The ratio of intangible assets (goodwill paid in earlier MAs has to be minus first) to total assets is used to examine these ideas.The financial synergies are realized by looking at the capital structure of potential acquirers. The idea is that when firms relying heavily on bank loans, it is risky to the firm and also acquirers will have less interest on the firm. Therefore, firms that relying heavily on bank loans will quickly seek to reduce their overall risk and recognize a lower cost of capital by engaging in industry-diversifying and in cross-border MAs. Indeed, cost of capital can be reduced when cash flows from target and bidders are not highly correlated. Besides, additional borrowing capacity post-MA can be created and this is a good performance for a firm after MA.If stock prices of a firm are down, the takeover of a firm can constitute a bargain relative to investing in new facilities in order to recover from scratch. Furthermore, the valuation of private targets is lower once stock market sentiment is down, through the use of a lower multiples or higher risk premium when valuing target stock. This under-valuation hypothesis suggests that stock prices and MA decisions are negatively related. In contrast, soaring stock prices can facilitate the financing of MAs in which they using bidder stock to pay for these deals. When firms consider that their stock to be over-valued, they tend to issue new shares (Shleifer and Vishny, 2003). There will be positive relationship between stock prices and external growth. However, the positive relationship may be difficult to observe when a sample is dominated by private enterprises. This is also because of those non-listed bidder stock is unwilling to be accepted by target investors. The average market-wide price earnings (P/E) ratio at the MA announcement date is used to capture stock market conditions, given that private firms dominate the sample.2.3 Hypothesis readingThe first hypothesis comes from our own assumption to examine how does a company perform post-MA compared to pre-MA. The assumption is that a company could perform better in the form of ratios because their capital has increased due to increase in non current assets. If a company obtains another company through MA, it is expected that they have certain measuring of capital available to expand their firm size therefore, there will be increase in capital in the form of ROE and ROA ratios once a firm is engaged in MA activities.H =After MA, there will be increase in ratios of ROE and ROAH=Before MA, asset ROA and ROE are higherFrom previous study of (Moeller, Schlingemann Stulz, 2004), it is known that they examined for the below hypothesis in their research. And this hypothesis will be tested in Malaysia context so that we will be able to measure the level of performance compared to the size of the firm.H=Small firm perform better after MAH=Acquirers firm perform worse after MA2.4 feign/FrameworkNegative relationship electropositive RelationshipAs proposed, the relationship between pre-MA is a negative relationship to the ratio. And it should be lower than post-MA ratio as after MA activities, the ratio should increase and higher.Positive relationshipNegative relationshipAs proposed, the larger firm will adapt less well after MA compared to smaller firm.Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Research DesignThe research will be carried out as an explanatory study. This study method is used for our research because this study will explain how MA affects performance of a company. The design will be carried out by using pair sample T-Test testing the relationship of the variables of performance of the company and the pre and post MA activities. The research will be carried out to test whether an MA activity does increase the perform ance of a company or it does not accelerate the activity of the company. Archival research will be used thoroughly to meet the improvement or deterioration in the firms post-MA compared to pre-MA.3.2 Population, Sample and Sampling ProcedureFor our research for MA companies in Malaysia, a census will be conducted as it is expected that there are only several hundreds of companies that have conducted MA locally. The census data will be collected by using the Bursa Malaysia website via manual(a) search and the usage of Osiris database. Therefore, the data will be collected through these 2 ways.3.3 Data collection MethodAs it is said, the data to be used will be junior-grade data. Documentary secondary data will be collected and used throughout this research. The data will be consisted of written materials which are companies annual reports. 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