Drink in Trend: Thailand Essay

Ready to drink tea ?In the past 1 to 2 years, ready to drink tea market seem declining. But in the first half of 2008, ready to drink tea market grew 16% in market value and 13% in quantity while the entire beverage market grew 5% only. This is the result of intensive marketing activities in the market. ?Consumers perceive that green tea is for health and wellness whereas black tea is for refreshment Source: Pepsi Co Trading Co. , Ltd Source: Oishi Source: T. C. Pharmaceutical. Total market value: Bt. 3,600 million Lipton? Lipton is the market leader of black tea segment (with 80% market share0 ? In the first half of 2008, Lipton ready to drink tea grew 30%. ?Lipton launched Lipton 9 to create an image of Lipton as the expert in tea products. 3-4 years ago, Lipton Wave green tea was not succeed and withdrew from the market. ?The selling point of Lipton 9 is new green tea product with 9 kinds of herbs. Asian believe these herbs are good for health. ?Thailand is the first market that for Lipton 9 ?Target group: female aged 20-39 years / with health and beauty conscious. ?A Bt20 million marketing budget has injected to build awareness of the new product with product trial road shows for 900,000 consumers, advertising through major media channels and photo contests on www. lipton9. com. ?Sermsuk expects Lipton 9 to carve out 4-5% of the green tea market this year ? Product price of Lipton 9: can Bt. 14 and PET bottle Bt. 18 ? Key person: Mr. Isaress Sundravorakul, marketing manager of Serm Suk Ms. Ratchada, non carbonated drink director, Pepsi Co Oishi. ?In order to tap the functional drink trend, Oishi launched green tea product with chlorophyll – substance in green plant which helps to improve body’s blood circulation and increase oxygen level. ?Marketing budget for launching Oishi green tea – chlorophyll: Bt. 10 m ? Key person: Tan Paskornnatee, managing director Puriku ?Puriku’s mixed berry flavor not only creates a big success for the brand but also a new trend and category for ready to drink tea market: tea + fruit juice. Even Oishi, the market leader, has to follow and launched Oishi green tea mixed berry flavored at the same size 350 ml. ?Puriku fruit white tea is positioned as refreshment drink for teenagers aged 12-17 years instead of functional drink for adult. It is because functional tea drink consumed time to educate consumer; and adult with health conscious prefers drinking water and fruit juice. Moreover, teenagers love the sweet and sour taste of fruit tea. ?Other than sell in 500 ml bottle and priced Bt. 20 as other brands, Puriku put its fruit white tea in smaller bottle 350 ml and sells Bt. 12 a bottle. It gets a well response from teenagers whom live in other provinces and has limited pocket money. ?Strengthen the brand image by adapting famous duo boy band â€Å"Golf , Mike† as presenter ? Puriku will launch new flavor every year. Currently Puriku has 4 flavors. ?Key person: Suwandee Chaivaroot, marketing manager Zenya ?Zenya has released two functional green tea products: 1. Zenya light plus fiber (same taste as original flavor but amount of calories reduced by 50%) and 2. Zenya C 100 plus (added 100 mg of vitamin c) Functional Drink ?Even functional drink’s market value grow double every year but it is still not very popular in Thailand market because: oThais do not accept the product yet. It has to take longer time to educate the consumer. For examples, I Firm from Unif and Alive from Coca Cola, which entered the market too early, has been withdrawn already. oStrong advertising restriction. Even the product has got Thailand’s FDA approval; it cannot advertise all its benefit to consumer. ?Now only B-ing of Singha Corporation is still active in this market. It has just launched the 4th formula â€Å"B-ing Relax† into the market in May 2008. o4 formulas: 1. B-ing Fine (provide vitamins for immune system) ; 2. B-ing Boost (provide amino for burning fat and energy); 3. B-ing Comfort (provide fiber for digestive system); and 4. B-ing Relax (for reduce stress) oUnlike other brands which have only one formula with different flavors, B-ing has up to four formulas. This strategy helps to build confidence to consumer and can fulfill needs of different target group. Market Value of Functional Drink YearMillion Baht 2006500 20071,000 20082,000 Beauty Drink ?A category of functional drink which is blooming ? Collagen is the most popular ingredient in this category ? Sappe ?Market leader and the first brand of functional drink that use beauty as a selling point ? Launched in December 2006 by Saap Anan? Distribution channel: in first 5 months, it was distributed in 7- eleven only. ?Target group: female 20-45 years ?Keys of success: oAdvertorial in TVC program and P. O. P. (no above the line activity) oBeauti Drink’s formula: fruit juice + beauty ingredients in 365 ml bottle. It can be drink more often than milk and 100% fruit juice because it contains only 12% fruit juice. So other than beauty purpose, Sappe can fulfill the thirsty purpose as well. ?Product: oBeauti Drink Collagen 1000 mg oBeauti Drink Co Q10 oBeauti Shot Collagen 3000 mg + Fiber 2500 mg oBeauti Shot Co Q10 + Grape seed extract Meiji Beauti ?Launched in 2007 by CP-Meiji. ?Product strategy: beauty yogurt ?In order to compete with Dutch Mill which gains 90% market share of yogurt market, CP-Meiji build a new segment. Beauty yogurt is differentiated from fruit yogurt of Dutch Mill. ?Marketing budget: 50 million baht ?Marketing activity: above the line and below the line activities (movie preview and sampling). ?After conducted a consumer research, CP-Meiji found that the brand image of CP-Meiji is not young. So the packaging has been redesigned. ?Product: oBeauti Detoey – with honey and lemon for detoxify oBeauti Bright – with collagen for good skin oBeauti Miracle – with apple cider and honey for well being ? Key person: oDr. Kinggard Pattarathamas, assistant to marketing director oPaisan Chonbanyatcharoen, managing director CP-Meiji’s shares in different markets Market Total Market Value Share of CP-Meiji Pasteurized milk 3,500 million baht 51% Drinking yogurt1,500 million baht7-8% Yogurt (in cup)2,500 million baht10% Healthy Drink ?In the past, the target audience for healthy drink is sportsman aged around 20 years and 40-50 years. Nowadays, health conscious trend is expanding the consumer base. People whom do not play sports also drink healthy drink ? Market value: 1,000 – 2,000 million Baht. (estimated by Sahaphattanapiboon) i-Healti ?Launched in May 2007 by Sahaphattanapiboon ?Product strategy: added Co Q10 (substance which is important for good health and skin) ? Marketing budget: 70 Bt. ?Major distribution channel: 7-eleven and member system ?Packaging: oFirstly there was a lady image on the label to avoid Thai FDA restriction on healthy drink. But later on the lady image has been removed in order to capture male consumers. oRed color is selected because it is a powerful color ?Keys of success oUsed skin doctor as presenter at the beginning and now use Miss Thailand oBoth above and below the line activities (ie.road show) oSmall bottle: 100 ml / bottle. Less quantity makes consumers perceive that it is effective and 100 ml can be drink for refreshment as well. oAffordable price: Bt. 25 / bottle. Consumer can drink everyday. ? Product: oi-Healti Q10 oi-Healti Q10 Lite (actually it is a sugar free formula but Thai FDA did not permit to put â€Å"sugar free† on label so i-Healti Q10 Lite put â€Å"Low Calorie† instead. ) ? Key person: Pennapa Tanasarasin, director Peptein ?Launched in Jan 2008 by Osotspa ?Product strategy: added soy peptide (substance for good brain performance) ? Imported soy peptide from Japan? Marketing budget: 400 million baht ?Sales target 2008: 300 million baht ?Osotspa had set up a new unit called â€Å"marketing department for health and functional beverage†. Each year it plans to launch one new product. ?Major distribution channel: 7-eleven ?Product: oPeptein 4000 oLaunched in Jan 2008 oSell at Bt. 38 / bottle (100 ml) oTarget group: teenager, young adult, and first jobber oPeptein 8000 oLaunched in Feb 2008 oSell at Bt. 68 / bottle (150 ml) oTarget group: adult aged 40 years old up oKey person: Prathan Chaiprasit, senior deputy director Brane Fit ?Launched by Ajinomoto. ?Product strategy: positioning as brain food (Brane Fit) and skin food (Skinn Fit) ? Healthy food and drink will be a new business unit of Ajinomoto. And it will launch at least one product a year. ?The strength of Ajinomoto is the know-how in healthy drink from mother company in Japan ? Major marketing activity: sampling ?Target group: student and worker ?Product: oBrane Fit oSkinn Fit ?Key person: Pichit Kusamit, managing director Trend # 1: Sugar-free ?Sugar-free soft drink category is blooming while the overall soft drink market does not grow in the first half of 2008. Consumers become more health conscious and the taste has been improved to be similar to classic formula. Source: Coca Cola Thailand ?Coca-Cola (Thailand) Co has spent 50 million baht for its Genzero campaign, aiming at strengthening its leadership in the sugar-free carbonated beverage segment. The campaign was designed to strengthen the success of Coca-Cola Zero by appealing to the emerging trend among teenagers and young adults to break free from stereotypes. Coke Zero was launched in May 2007 and now has a 43% share in Thailand’s sugar-free carbonated beverage segment, estimated to be worth two billion baht.? Key person: Chuenhathai Vuntanadit, regional marketing director (Coca Cola) Trend # 2: Sesame Soy milk market share by brands Vitamilk50% Lactasoy35% DNA 12% Others 3% Source: Vitamilk ?The intensive marketing activities of hi-calcium milk Anlene and Calcimex in the past few years has created a bone health conscious among Thai consumers. Soy milk companies catch the trend by adding black sesame, which is rich with calcium, into their products. And this soy milk’s category is now in full blossom. DNA ?DNA soy milk was introduced into the market 4-5 years ago by Dutch Mill. ?In order to compete with other two major players in the market: Vitamilk and Lactasoy, DNA is positioning as â€Å"hi-calcium soy milk† with black sesame. Now DNA is the market leader of this segment. V-Soy ?Vitamilk launched V-Soy in 2006 ?Positioned as hi-calcium soy milk and targeted at male consumer. ?Three flavor: double black sesame, white sesame, and no sugar Vitamilk ?Sales of Vitamilk original formula dropped in the first half of this year. It is because 1) glass bottle was short of supply; 2) retail price of Vitamilk UHT 250 ml increased 2 baht to Bt. 12 but rival, Lactasoy, remained price at Bt. 10 and added quantity to 300 ml. Vitamilk flights back with Vitamilk to Go in Black 300 ml (glass bottle) and 330 ml (UHT). The 330 ml pack sells at Bt. 10 / box until end of this year. ?Key person: Chanid Suwanprim, marketing manager of Greenspot Foremost Hi-5 ?Foremost launched the cereal flavor soy milk in end of 2005. ?Unlike other products on the market, Foremost Hi-5 contains black sesame, brown rice, barely and wheat germ. Anlene ?Anlene also launched soy milk with black sesame. ?Key person: Lalana Boonngamsri, marketing manager of Fonterra Brands (a subsidiary of Fonterra, the world leader in milk and dairy products and the world’s largest milk exporter. Fonterra is headquartered in New Zealand and operates a network of consumer dairy businesses in 40 countries worldwide. ) Trend # 3: Smaller size Recently several brands of beverage introduced small pack into the market with different reasons: Refresh drink ?Decrease in purchasing power. Small pack is cheaper. ?Able to finish the whole bottle in one time ?Can drink several kinds of beverage Samples: oPuriku green tea – 350 ml oOishi green tea – 350 ml oZeny green tea – paper box oSplash (orange juice of Coca Cola) – 180 ml (sells Bt. 10 a bottle / target: kids) oTropicana (orange juice of Pepsi Co) – 250 ml in glass bottle (sells Bt.10 a bottle) oCoke – mini can (sells at Bt. 10) oRed Bull Cola – 325 ml (sells at Bt. 10). Functional drink ?Consumer perceive that small bottle is more effective than the big one. Samples: oBeauti Shot – 50 ml oi-Healti Q10 – 100 ml oSt. Anna – 100 ml oPeptein 4000 – 100 ml and Peptein 8000 – 150 ml oBrane Fit 100 ml Hi calcium milk ?Anlene launched the concentrate formula, which contains 4 times the calcium of regular milk in 110 ml UHT box. ?Target consumer whom get calcium tablet. ?It is very successful. Anlene’s market share jumped from 17% to 38%with in 6 months. The total market values of hi calcium milk is 1,000 million baht. Samples: oBeauti Shot – 50 ml Others Fruit Fit For Fun orange juice: ?15% orange juice drink launched by TC Pharmaceutical for economical and super economical markets. ?Unlike 100% fruit juice which sell in modern trade channels only, Fruit Fit For Fun is applying the same distribution network of Red Bull, Sponsor, and Puriku. ?Ranked no. 3 in 7-eleven after Splash and Tropicana but its share in traditional channel is still far away from DeeDo, the market leader. DeeDo sells at Bt. 10 a bottle (500ml) while Fruit Fit For Fun sells at Bt. 13 a bottle.

Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System Engineering Essay

This study represents the scanning supersonic sensing system, which includes supersonic detector SRF05, microcontroller PIC16F877, temperature compensator DS18B20, 16A-2 LCD show, standard servo motor and connection to Personal computer. The supersonic and temperature detectors contribute to bring forthing cherished distance values for micro chip. And the servo motor is used to revolve the supersonic detector on a regular basis. Finally, these values are all transmitted to the LCD to expose. The circuit design, simulation and practical consequences show this system is capable of the needed aims, which is possible to be attached onto a wheeled auto or a automaton to give navigational AIDSs. Contentss 3 1 Introduction and Research 4 1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System 4 1.1.1 History of supersonic sensing 4 1.1.2 Review of background research 5 1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing system 8 1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning System 9 1.4 Previous Work 12 2 Function and Specification 13 3 Aims 18 3.1 Major Aims 18 3.2 Minor Aims 19 3.3 Minimum Aims 20 4 Main Components 20 4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 20 4.2 LCD Module 22 4.3 Rotation Motor 24 4.4 Temperature Sensor 26 4.5 Microcontroller 30 5 Circuit Introduction 33 5.1 Undertaking System Circuit 33 5.1 power supply 37 5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Module 38 5.3 LCD faculty 41 5.4 temperature detector faculty 43 5.4 Connection to Computer 431 Introduction and Research1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System1.1.1 History of supersonic sensingMan uses acoustic energy of lower frequences as a critical agency of communicating while mahimahis and chiropterans use acoustic energy of higher frequences, i.e. supersonic moving ridges, for acquiring their environmental information. [ 1 ] The being of ultrasound was foremost noticed by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1794. Since so, ultrasonics, the survey of sound propagated at frequences beyond the scope hearable to people ( i.e. above 20 kilohertz ) has been a new topic. [ 2 ] The existent discovery took topographic point after that Pierre and Jacques Currie discovered of the â€Å" Piezo-electric Consequence † in certain crystals in 1880. This led to the development of ultrasound transducer. [ 1 ] The possibility of the usage of an supersonic reverberation method for the sensing of submersed obstructions at sea, such as icebergs or wrecks, appears to hold been suggested by L.F. Richardson at the clip of the Titanic catastrophe in April 1912. After the 1914-1918 War the piezoelectric effect and its reverse consequence were foremost successfully applied in the sensing and coevals of ultrasound. The original application was to the sensing of enemy pigboats. And a feasible system was developed by P. Langevin. A beam of ultrasound is propagated vertically downwards in the sea, is reflected at the sea bed, or by some other object such as a pigboat above the sea bed, and returns to the generator/detector. By entering the going of the original pulsation and the reaching of the reverberation, the theodolite clip T for the return journey over a distance of 2d can be determined. Therefore, presuming the velocity degree Celsius of ultrasound in sea H2O is known, the deepness vitamin D can be calculated from. [ 3 ] In 1935, the rule of supersonic sensing was applied into wireless sensing and ranging, utilizing electromagnetic moving ridges alternatively, which called Radar besides. [ 2 ] However, the development of radio detection and ranging, during the Second War, resulted in many betterments in electronic engineering. These developments in bend wholly revolutionized the sensing system by presenting the possibility of utilizing arrays of transducers, enabling sector-scanning to be introduced, and by bettering ocular show systems. [ 3 ]1.1.2 Review of background researchA distance sensor, besides called as a scope happening setup is one installing that determines and detects the distance between the mark and the sensing device, for the intent of appraising, finding focal point in picture taking, or accurately taking a arm. Some devices are applied utilizing active methods to mensurate ( such as ultrasound, optical maser, or radio detection and ranging ) , while others obtain the mensural distance utilizing trigonometry ( stadia metric scope finders and parallax, or cut-image scope finders ) . These methodological analysiss use a set of known information, normally di stances or mark sizes, to do the measuring, and have been in regular usage since the 18th century. [ 1 ] Since distance measuring has played an of import function in no affair the day-to-day life or working sphere, assorted types of range finders have been created to run into a assortment of demands. These device types vary each other harmonizing to their public presentation in different fortunes, every bit good as the cost, where public presentation is determined by truth, easiness of usage, sensing scope, etc. [ 4 ] In recent yearss, three chief types of distance sensing faculty are 1s utilizing infrared, ultrasound and laser severally. Hereinto, scanning supersonic sensing system is the type utilizing supersonic detectors. Supersonic detectors are normally used for non-contact, propinquity or distance measuring applications. These devices typically transmit a short pulsation moving ridge to the mark, which reflects the sound back to the supersonic detectors. The system so mensurate the echo clip of the moving ridge returning to the detector and work out the distance to the mark with the velocity of sound. [ 5 ] The basic regulation for the usage of ultrasound as a measuring tool is the time-of-flight technique, of which this pulse-echo method is one illustration. As shown in figure 1.Figure 1. Basic Illustration Of Ultrasonic Detection — Transducer Generates Ultrasonic Waves And Then Listens To RepeatTherefore, the rule of supersonic sensing system is given as followers: If the speed of supersonic moving ridges extension has been known, mensurate the period between the clip of its launch and contemplation back from an obstruction, so that the practical distance between launch point and obstruction can be determined, which is similar to the rule of radio detection and ranging. Frequently, the equation is given as: . ( 1 ) Where, d represents the magnitude of distance, C equals to supersonic extension speed in the air and T is the time-lag which normally amounts to the entire clip from launch and response. [ 6 ]1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing systemIn recent yearss, there are assorted types of distance measurement detectors, like infrared, supersonic and optical maser range finders. They differ each other in tonss of facets: truth, scope, size, weight etc. Infrared Supersonic Laser Accuracy Typically 0.1m Typically at centimeters Typically at millimeters Detection moving ridge Electromagnetic moving ridge ( unseeable radiation ) Sound wave Electromagnetic moving ridge ( several sorts ) Costing i6.83 ~ i17.89 [ 7 ] i9.99 ~ i70.79 [ 8 ] i870 ~ i3485 [ 9 ] Usual usage juncture Small refractile index ( go through other stuff ) , good for long distance sensing [ 10 ] Insensitive to dust, soil and fog, good for utilizing under serious environment state of affairs [ 11 ] High preciseness, good for high-accuracy demand state of affairs [ 12 ] Problems Low preciseness, worse way control [ 10 ] Preciseness influenced by temperature, humidness, force per unit area etc. [ 11 ] Not safe to human in some state of affairs, optical system must be clean to observe [ 12 ]Table.1: Comparison among Three Types of Detection Systems Using Infrared, Ultrasound and Laser RespectivelyHarmonizing to the tabular array above, the infrared detectors have cheaper monetary value and shorter response clip than supersonic detectors, but have hapless preciseness, way control and rely strongly on good coefficient of reflection belongingss. In footings of optical maser scope finder, it owns high preciseness but besides has high monetary value and hard operating, in common instances it is used in military kingdom. In the usual instances, the supersonic sensor is more equal for day-to-day utilizing or extended utilizing for industrial or societal occasions for its moderate monetary value, stable capableness and acceptable truth. The lone job for supersonic sensing system is its preciseness in some particular occasions like remote-controlled cars or endorsing for autos which require more cherished distance consequences.1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning SystemFor the intent of the supersonic sensing and scanning system, supersonic is one of the active countries of research and development. Supersonic detectors are good known for their public presentations in debatable environment where other detectors are non capable to be used. The rule is based on time-of-flight ( TOF ) theory, as illustrated antecedently, the clip of flight is the period of clip that travelled to and bounced back from the mark object. Use the look ( 1 ) , the distance can be determined. However, the extension speed of supersonic moving ridge is affected by the temperature, force per unit area, humidness, air turbulency and gas composing. But the most of import factor that affects the sound velocity is the temperature. The approximative velocity of sound in dry ( 0 % humidness ) air, in metres per second ( ) , at temperatures near 0 A °C, can be calculated from: ( 2 ) Where I? is the temperature in grades Celsius ( A °C ) . [ 13 ] Give the undermentioned fluctuations in the velocity of sound utilizing the criterion ambiance. As shown in table 2 below.Temperature ( A °C )Sound velocity ( m/s )-20 318.89 -10 325.16 0 331.30 10 337.33 20 343.26 25 346.18 30 349.08Table.2: Relationship between Temperature and Sound SpeedSo for a sensing system that does non hold temperature detector, if the practical distance is 3m, the clip of flight distance is 6m. And presume ever to utilize the velocity value at temperature 20 A °C, which is 343.26 m/s. But in fact, when the temperature alterations, the practical velocity of sound value can besides be different. Assume the temperature changes into -10 degree Celsius, and so harmonizing to the table.2, practical velocity of sound is 325.16 metres per second, that is, the practical mensural clip of flight should be.But if the microcontroller still uses the sound velocity at 20 A °C, practical measured distance could be,This outputs mistake. That is to state, in this instance, under temperature -10 grade Celsius, one metre long distance may hold about 5.57 centimeters mistake, which is a comparatively large mistake in some alone juncture such as remote-controlled vehicle or the unsighted pilotage and will ensue in serious jobs. Because of that, a temperature compensation step should be taken to heighten the truth of this supersonic distance sensing system.1.4 Previous WorkThere are many supersonic distance metres in markets, having different features. Here gives several typical 1s:MerchandiseFeaturesSupersonic Distance Meter aˆ? Features a liquid crystal show with 12mm figures aˆ?Can cipher the surface and the contents. aˆ? Range of 61cm ( 2ft ) to 14.5m ( 48.3ft ) aˆ? Accuracy of A ±0.5 % aˆ? requires 2Ãâ€"3.0V CR2032 batteries aˆ? Dimensions ( wxH ) : 66x130mm [ 14 ] Silverline 255664 Digital Range Measure aˆ?Laser sight for accurate targeting aˆ?automatically performs computations of country and volume. aˆ?backlit digital show for easy reading aˆ?Metric and Imperial, with measurement verification and mistake bleeper aˆ?Range 0.6 – 15m ( 2†²-50 ‘ ) . aˆ?Accuracy 1 % . aˆ?Requires 1 x 9v battery. [ 14 ] Parallax – Sensor Sampler Kit aˆ?Motion Detection aˆ?Angle and G-force detectors aˆ?Distance/ Range sensor aˆ?Sensirion Temperature and Humidity Sensor aˆ?Compass pilotage [ 15 ] SensComp Series 6500 Sonar Ranging Module # 615078 aˆ?Accurate Sonar Ranging from 6 inches to 35 pess aˆ?Drives a 50 kilohertz Electrostatic Transducer Without an Extra Interface aˆ?Operates from a Single Power Supply Source aˆ?Accurate Clock Output Provided for External Use aˆ?Selective Echo Exclusion aˆ?Integrated Transducer Cable [ 16 ] Table.3: Comparison of several typical supersonic sensing system2 Function and SpecificationThe Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System is designed for automaton pilotage, remote-controlled vehicle, and obstacle-proof auto. The system contains microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD ) , rotary motion motor and connection to Personal computer. Figure.2: conventional for scanning supersonic sensing system Here is a study map for this system shown in figure.2. Each portion will be specified as followers. Microcontroller: processing unit of the system Generate driven moving ridges to supersonic detector for supersonic sensing. Receive signals from temperature detector and supersonic detector, and procedure informations. Procedure signals to drive rotary motion motor. Output distance, temperature and angular informations to LCD. Datas transmitted with computing machine utilizing RS232 protocol. Liquid crystal display: liquid crystal show, this unit is used for: Display acquired signals Backlight support for utilizing in the dark Supersonic detector: this unit is used to observe the obstruction: Generate supersonic sensing moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Give signal back to microcontroller. Temperature detector: this unit is to observe temperature surrounding: Detect temperature and so roll up it to binary codification. Transmit informations back to microcontroller. Rotation motor: this unit contribute to revolving angle: Receive signal from microcontroller and so revolve a relevant angle Put supersonic detector on it to observe obstructions within a sector.Connection to computing machine and monitoring package:Transmit day of the month of distance, temperature and angle to computing machine utilizing HyperTerminal package. [ 17 ] Be possible to be applied into echography, to expose graph on the proctor ( by taking advantage of some specific package ) . [ 18 ] In the practical application of counsel for wheeled little auto or automaton, the whole system should be installed onto the bearer, frequently with a switch and battery to command and drive it. Put the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor, to do the supersonic detector detect object in a sector, here from 0 grade to 180 grade. Once bend on the system, the microcontroller starts to give directives to the rotary motion motor to do it revolve to the initial angle, 0 degree way. And so do the supersonic starts to run, bring forth supersonic moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Harmonizing to the signal moving ridges received from the supersonic detector, the microcontroller starts to cipher the distance value, taking proper velocity of sound value by utilizing the temperature compensation measuring. After the computation is done, the values are transmitted into LCD and show on it to state the obstruction distance at relevant angle and temperature. Each clip when the objects on the way at cherished angle have been detected or there are no objects, the microcontroller will give directives to do the rotary motion motor rotate into the following angle. For case, each clip the rotary motion motor is ordered to revolve 20 grade, ab initio, it starts from 0 grade, when the sensing on this way has been do ne, it rotate 20 grade, once more to make the sensing, and following, it rotate 20 grade into the way of 40 grade, to make the sensing, as the entire 9 times rotary motion is done, the rotary motion motor turns back into its initial angle 0 grade to re-start the sector scanning sensing. Here is a flow chart to demo the system work processs: The initial way Detection objects Calculation and temperature compensation Display informations on LCD Rotate angle ( illustration as 20 grade ) The followers are the same as earlier. Each clip the sensing is done, revolve another 20 grade. After entire nine times rotary motion, the rotary motion motor attached under supersonic detector returns back into the initial place. Harmonizing to the information detected, it is possible to be used for the wheeled auto or automaton to make up one's mind where to travel and how to avoid obstructions.3 Aims3.1 Major AimsDesign a system which detects the presence of objects utilizing a revolving supersonic scanner. The power of micro chip, LCD, rotary motion motor, supersonic detector and temperature detector is supplied by 5V beginning. The frequence to drive the supersonic detector should be 40 kilohertz. Once the power is on, the microcontroller will enable the supersonic detector to bring forth moving ridges. And the feedback signals will be transmitted back to the microcontroller for processing. Once the echo signal is processed, the temperature detector will offer temperature compensation for sound velocity. After power is on, the rotary motion motor is driven to initial angle place and starts to revolve from 0 grade to 180 grade, rotate one time by a certain angle when each clip the sensing is done. Each clip the sensing is done, the LCD will expose the information about it including distance, temperature and comparative angle, like â€Å" 86.5cm 23a„? 90A ° â€Å" . Once the sensing is done, the information will be transmitted to computing machine and show on the proctor utilizing hyperterminal package. All the detectors and devices are connected to the microcontroller utilizing wires.3.2 Minor AimsDesign the 5V beginning utilizing a electromotive force regulator attached on a 9V battery within a battery bearer. Attach the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor to do it possible to observing a sector. Develop a PCB for circuit of microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, LCD and connection to computing machine. Design a wadding for seting PCB into it.3.3 Minimum AimsComplete the existent circuit on bread board. Accomplish scheduling codifications for the whole system. Imitate the map and run into the major aims utilizing relevant package.4 Main Components4.1 Ultrasonic SensorThere are some sorts of supersonic detectors. The chiefly used two theoretical accounts are SRF04 and SRF05 because their comparative lower monetary value and moderate public presentation. Here is a comparing between them. SRF04 Voltage: 5V merely needed Current: 30mA typical 50mA soap Frequency: 40 kilohertz Scope: from 3cm to 3m. Sensitivity: 3cm at 2m, 1.5 % Input trigger: 10 uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo pulsation: positive TTL degree signal, width proportional to run Small size: 43mm x 20mm ten 17mm tallness Monetary value: i14.50 ( Inc. VAT i17.40 ) SRF05 Voltage: 5V merely needed Low Current: 4mA Typical Frequency: 40 kilohertz Max Range: 4m Min Range: 1cm Mode1: Single pin for trigger/echo Mode2: 2 Pin SRF04 compatible Input Trigger: 10uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo Pulse: Positive TTL signal Size: 43 x 20 ten 17h ( millimeter ) Monetary value: i11.50 ( Inc. VAT i13.80 ) Table.4: comparing between two supersonic detectors Comparing the characteristics of two supersonic detectors, they are all capable to complete this undertaking. But eventually the determination is made to SRF05. And the grounds are listed as followers. Although they portion the equal electromotive force demand, SRF05 merely require much lower current. Therefore, utilizing SRF05 will necessitate smaller power to drive. It is more energy-saving. They both need 40 kilohertzs to drive, which meet the demand of this undertaking. But SRF05 has a scope from 1cm to 4m, which is larger than SRF04, whose scope is 3cm to 3m. For the demand of more accurate and larger-scale sensing, the SRF05 is better for this undertaking. SRF05 has two manners for taking, one is single-pin for both trigger and reverberation, the other one is compatible to SRF04, two-pin for trigger or reverberation. So SRF05 can salvage 1 pin if usage mode1, but besides be used as SRF04 if usage mode2. Harmonizing to the monetary value listed, SRF05 has a lower monetary value than SRF04.4.2 LCD ModuleIn this undertaking, the LCD is used for exposing information of obstructions and environment in environing country. Harmonizing to this, the demand of LCD faculty should be: The LCD faculty is capable to expose numerical values, English alphabets and some measurement units. The LCD screen is large or long plenty to demo full information. The LCD screen should be seen in dark topographic point so it may hold a backlight map. The LCD faculty does hold interface to microcontroller for their transmittal. The LCD faculty is easy to run. The LCD should hold a comparatively inexpensive monetary value. Harmonizing to the demands, here is the determination: VERBOUQUET -ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN LCD MODULE, Here is the specification of this LCD faculty: LCD MODULE, ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN No. of Digits / Alpha: 32 Character Count x Line: 16 tens 2 Character Size: 5.56mm Supply Voltage: 5V Display Mode: Brooding Display Area Width: 64.5mm Display Area Height: 16mm Operating Temperature Range: 0A °C to +50A °C External Depth: 10mm External Length / Height: 44mm External Width: 84mm Active Area Height: 16mm Active Area Width: 64.5mm Background Colour: Yellow Fictional character Height: 4.86mm Character Type: Dot Matrix + Cursor Character Width: 2.96mm Connector Type: B, 1 ten 14 Display Polarization: Brooding Display Technology: STN Font Colour: Green Interface Type: Analogue No. of Colours: 1 No. of Digits / Alpha: 16 No. of Lines: 2 Resolution: 5 x 7 Dots + Cursor Storage Temperature Max: +70A °C Storage Temperature Min: -20A °C Supply Voltage Max: 6V Supply Voltage VDC: 5V Monetary value: i7.06 Table.5: specification of selected LCD faculty4.3 Rotation MotorIn this undertaking, the rotary motion motor should run into there demands: The microcontroller straight controls the rotary motion motor to revolve and make up one's mind the angle value. The rotary motion motor has the shaft to be installed on with supersonic detector. The truth demand to be ensured. The monetary value is non high. Compared to these demands, here are two types of motors: hoofer motor and servo motor. Here is a comparing between these two types utilizing typical theoretical accounts: Stepper motorBipolar 48mm StepperMeasure Angle: 0.9A ° Measure Accuracy: 5 % Keeping Torsion: 4800g-cm / 66.66 oz-in Coil Resistance: 10hm Rated Current: 2.4A Motor Length: 48mm Mounting Plate Size: NEMA-17 Shaft Diameter: 5mm Weight: 362g Number of Leads: 4 Monetary value: i14.55 Servo motorParallax ( Futaba ) Standard ServoHolds any place between 0 and 180 grades 43.1 oz-in torsion at 6 V Accepts four mounting prison guards High preciseness cogwheel made of the POM ( polyacetal ) rosin makes the operation smooth doing no recoil Power Requirements: 4 to 6 VDC Communication: Pulse-width transition Dimensions: 2.2 x 0.8 ten 1.6 in ( 55.8x 19 ten 406 millimeter ) excepting servo horn Operating temp scope: +14 to +144 A °F ( -10 to +50 A °C ) Monetary value: i10.79 Table.6: comparing between typical hoofer motor and servo motor Harmonizing to the comparing, it can be concluded that the servo motor is more appropriate for this undertaking because these grounds: When servo motor receives a pulsation, it can end product a pulsation back to the microcontroller to give feedback, which is good to command the truth of the angle. Its truth can maintain up to 0.001mm, more precise than stepper motor. Servo motor can revolve an angle harmonizing to the pulsation transmitted from microcontroller within several msecs. But stepper motor can merely steps to the needed angle, frequently it will take 200~400 msecs. Servo motor has a lower monetary value than stepper motor. So, the determination is made to the servo motor, in this undertaking, utilize Parallax ( Futaba ) Standard Servo Motor for its standard public presentation and low monetary value.4.4 Temperature SensorThe temperature detector should hold some demands: High truth to do certain of the preciseness of this undertaking. Easy to run. Low monetary value. There are two chief ways to compose the temperature compensation system: parallel and digital. The table.7 below shows the two ways ‘ composing parts needed severally.MethodAmplifierTemperature detectorVariable resistancesADC ( linear digital convertor )Analoguea?sa?sa?sa?sDigitala?sTable.7. Comparison between Two Temperature Technique, a?s Means the Part Is NeededHere is a specific analysis for each type of temperature detector. And both the two types use typical devices to exemplify. Analogue type uses LM35DZ as illustration and digital type uses DS18B20 as illustration. As shown below.Analogue Temperature SensorTemperature detector Amplifier Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.3: Block Diagram of Analogue Temperature Sensing SystemAs shown in figure.3, the temperature detector LM35DZ can be used in broad temperature scope -40 to 100 grade Celsius. It has an end product electromotive force which is linearly relative to the Celsius and has precise built-in standardization so that there is no demand to put any external standardization to offer typical truths of A ±0.25a„? at room temperature and A ±0.75a„? over a full temperature scope. As the temperature increases each one grade Celsius, the electromotive force from LM35DZ will increase 10mV. The Op-Amp CA3140 has working temperature scope from -55 to 125 grade Celsius. The operational amplifier is used as non-inverting amplifier. As the temperature increases, the LM35DZ increases 10mV, CA3140 Op-Amp will increase the electromotive force to 5 times.Digital Temperature SensorTemperature detector Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.4: Block Diagram of Digital Temperature Sensing SystemAs it is shown in figure.4, temperature detector choose digital temperature detector DS18B20 which has feeling truth at A ±0.5a„? and besides a broad temperature feeling scope from -55a„? to 125a„? , supply electromotive force is at a scope 3V to 5.5V, besides the declaration spots is 12 spots. The nucleus map of DS18B20 is its direct to digital temperature detector. The declaration of the temperature detector is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11 or 12 spots, matching to increases of 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625a„? severally. Compared parallel feeling system with digital detection system, shown in table.8 as followers:Analogue detection systemDigital detection systemTemperature detectorLM35DZ DS18B20Temperature scope-40a„? ~ 100a„? -55a„? ~ 125a„?AccuracyA ±0.25a„? at room temperature A ±0.75a„? over all the scope A ±0.5a„?Need for ADCYes NoResolution spots10 12CostingSensor + Op-amp + variable resistors=i4.47 Merely sensor=i3.27Table.8: Comparison between Analogue and Digital Sensing SystemIn the table.8, the costing values are all based on the values and monetary values shown at Farnell website. Analogue detector LM35DZ, Op-Amp CA3140, variable resistances and digital detector DS18B20 are i1.29, i1.67, i1.51 and i3.27 severally. Conclude the information given by the table.8, a simple and natural decision can be given that digital detector DS18B20 is somewhat or unusually superior to the parallel one.4.5 MicrocontrollerThe microcontroller is the cardinal bosom of the whole undertaking system, but there are many types of microcontroller. And here are the two chief types which are used most widely: PIC micro chip and Maxim 8051 household. Here is the specific comparing between these two types, here use PIC 16f87 series as illustration: PIC micro chip ( 16f87 series ) Harvard architecture High public presentation RISC CPU All individual rhythm instructions except for plan Operating velocity: DC – 20 MHz clock input Up to 8K tens 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Pinout compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77 Interrupt capableness ( up to 14 beginnings ) Power-on Reset ( POR ) Power-up Timer ( PWRT ) and Oscillator Start-up Timer ( OST ) Watchdog Timer ( WDT ) with its ain on-chip RC Programmable codification protection Power salvaging sleep manner Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debugging via two pins Processor read/write entree to plan memory Low-power ingestion: Monetary value: i5.38 Maxim 8051 household Harvard architecture Core Size: 8bit RAM Memory Size: 256Byte CPU Speed: 25MHz Oscillator Type: External Merely No. of Timers: 3 Supply Voltage Range: 4.5V to 5.5V Operating Temperature Scope: -40A °C to +85A °C Clock Frequency: 25MHz Interface Type: UART Memory Size: 256Byte Memory Type: Random-access memory No. of Spots: 8 RAM Size: 256Byte Supply Voltage Max: 5.5V Supply Voltage Min: 4.5V Termination Type: Through Hole Monetary value: i8.56 Table.9: comparing between two types of microcontroller By comparing the two typical devices of each type, both two types can do the undertaking successful, but the determination is made to PIC 16f87 household because these grounds listed below: The PIC 16f87 series are more popular than Maxim 8051 series in UK. The MPLAB package is compatible to PIC micro chips and utilize it can assist to imitate the assembly linguistic communication map and detect the registry and map codifications state of affairs. The PIC 16f87 series has lower monetary value than Maxim 8051 series. PIC 16f87 series includes 16F873, 16F874, 16F876, 16F877. Here is the pin diagram of them: Figure.5: PIC16F87 series Here is comparison among these 4 theoretical accounts in PIC 16f87 series:Key FeaturesPIC16F873PIC16F874PIC16F876PIC16F877Operating FrequencyDC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 MegahertzRESETS ( and Delays )POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST )FLASH Program Memory ( 14-bit words )4K 4K 8K 8KData Memory ( bytes )192 192 368 368EEPROM Data Memory128 128 256 256Interrupts13 14 13 14I/O PortsPorts A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, E Ports A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, ETimers3 3 3 3Capture/Compare/PWM Modules2 2 2 2Consecutive CommunicationssMSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USARTParallel Communications–PSP–PSP10-bit Analogue-to-Digital Faculty5 input channels 8 input channels 5 input channels 8 input channelsDirection Set35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions Table.10: comparing among 16f87 series For this design, 33 I/O pins are required because of the other devices ‘ pin Numberss, sing the job of monetary value and size of bit, the concluding determination is made to PIC 16F877.5 Circuit Introduction5.1 Undertaking System CircuitBlock diagram Here is the block diagram for this undertaking. Figure.6: block diagram for the undertaking The undertaking system includes LCD, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, connection to computing machine and one microcontroller PIC 16F877. The LCD and connection to computing machine are end products for the system, the temperature detector and servo motor transmit informations and signal between microcontroller and themselves. The supersonic detector sender is for conveying supersonic moving ridges and the supersonic detector receiving system is for having echo moving ridges. Here use 9V battery and one regulator to give the undertaking power beginning 5V. Circuit diagram Figure.7: circuit diagram for the undertaking system Here is the circuit diagram designed by package Protues. PCB design Here is the PCB design designed by PCB Express. Show in Figure.8 and Figure.9. Figure.8: PCB design manner Figure.9: PCB design Real World Mode Real Picture Figure.10: existent image5.1 power supplyIn this undertaking, all the devices are based on 5V power supply. However, most common batteries do non back up this electromotive force value. So use 9V battery and electromotive force regulator to give a 5V electromotive force beginning. Besides, here can add a switch to command the whole system to turn on or turn off. Because it is needed to give a 5V beginning, so the electromotive force regulator determination is made to LM7805. Here is the diagram for the power supply. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.11 schematic for power supply faculty5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor ModuleThe supersonic detector faculty has two manners to take. Mode 1: 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode This manner uses separate trigger and reverberation pins, and is the simplest manner to utilize. All codification illustrations for the SRF04 will work for the SRF05 in this manner. To utilize this manner, merely go forth the manner pin unconnected – the SRF05 has an internal pull up resistance on this pin. Figure.12: connexions for 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode In this manner, the timing diagram is: Small hold Figure.13: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 1 Here, the SRF05 includes a little hold before the reverberation pulsation to give slower accountants such as the Basic Stamp and Picaxe clip to put to death their pulsation in bids. Mode 2: Single pin for both Trigger and Echo This manner uses a individual pin for both Trigger and Echo signals, and is designed to salvage valuable pins on embedded accountants. To utilize this manner, connect the manner pin to the 0v Ground pin. The echo signal will look on the same pin as the trigger signal. The SRF05 will non raise the echo line until 700uS after the terminal of the trigger signal. You have that long to turn the trigger pin around and do it an input and to hold your pulsation mensurating codification ready. The PULSIN bid found on many popular accountants does this automatically. Figure.14: connexion for individual pin trigger/echo manner In this manner, the timing diagram is: Figure.15: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 2 In this undertaking, for there are 33 I/O pins for usage, there is no demand to utilize manner 2, so here use Mode 1 which is compatible to SRF04. So here is the conventional for supersonic detector. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.16: conventional for supersonic detector faculty5.3 LCD facultyThe Alphanumeric point Matrix LCD is the end product device of the undertaking system, which is used for exposing the direction and information to user. Here is the mention image of the LCD faculty: And here is the LCD ‘s pin connexion:Pin figurePin symbolFunction1Volt Land2Vdd Power supply3Vo Contrast adjust4R/S Register Selection ( H: Data, L: Direction )5R/ Read/Write Selection ( H: Read, L: Write )6Tocopherol Enable Signal7~14DB0~DB7 Data coach lines15A Power supply for LED B.L. ( + )16K Power supply for LED B.L. ( – ) Table.11: LCD pin connexions Pin 3 is the contrast adjust for LCD, it should link 0-5V electromotive force depend on what brightness is required. Here use a potentiometer to set the electromotive force. Pin 4 is an input pin for LCD faculty ; it is used as to command informations conveying or direction transmission. When it is connected to high electromotive force, any input information is regarded as informations, and low degree electromotive force is matching direction. Pin 6 is an input pin for LCD faculty every bit good ; the LCD faculty ca n't place any informations of direction until Pulse the E line being high. Pin7- Pin14 are Data Bus lines, they can convey informations or instructions. In this undertaking, PORTB0~B7 are connected to informations coach lines DB0~DB7. And the three map control pins RS, R/ and E are connected to RA0~RA2. The A and K temporarily blank but can be connected in possible use when backlight is needed. Therefore, here is the conventional for LCD faculty: c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.17: conventional for LCD faculty5.4 temperature detector facultyIn this undertaking, the temperature detector is DS18B20. Figure.18: DS18B20 pin diagram Here is the pin diagram for this temperature detector, the pin 1 is connected to land, and pin 2 is the information line, pin 3 is connected to the power beginning.5.4 Connection to ComputerBlock diagram figure.11: block diagram for connection to computing machine

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Wal mart - Essay Example government for $508 million, it can be predicted that the verdict of the court will be in favor of the plaintiffs, as this case is also headed in the same direction (Forbes, 2004). Being an HR, at the outset, I will try to accumulate the statistical data that can be used by the plaintiffs. The next step will be to locate any such fact that could reveal the companies’ position against the issues raised. For an instance, if the accumulated data support that few of the women employees are in high-paying job compared to their male counterparts, then it might be beneficial for the company to handle the issue. Simultaneously, I shall give my entire effort to ensure that the pay system is fair. Publicizing data is definitely subject to admission of the liability for past discrimination but on the basis of the current status of the case, it can be said that there is minimal chances of getting victory. Therefore, it will be better to emphasize more on modifying the policies and previous practices to enhance the productivity and future performance level of employees. In March 2005, Wal-Mart was fined $ 11 million because of employing myriad of illegal immigrants to clean its stores in United States. From Wal-Mart’s perspective, it was made clear that they did not have any information regarding the status of the nationalities of the employee force as their contractors were in charge of hiring. This is another legal issue that involved Wal-Mart (White, n.d.). Sournar, F. A., (2007). Pay Discrimination Backfires on Wal-Mart. The Smith College Sophian. Retrieved Online on September 20, 2010 from http://media.www.smithsophian.com/media/storage/paper587/news/2007/02/15/Opinions/Pay-Discrimination.Backfires.On.WalMart-2723733.shtml White, D., (No Date). Part 3 - US Employers Routinely Hire Illegal Immigrants, With Little Penalty. Illegal Immigration Explained - Profits & Poverty,

Microeconomics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microeconomics - Term Paper Example Their intent was to establish a national minimum standard of living and stabilize the economy by regulating pay of the poorest social class. The outcomes from this grand experiment are varied. Social activists maintain that it prevents greedy businesses and heartless corporations from exploiting the lowest wage earners. Economists hypothesize that it may actually reduce employment and deepen the wounds of poverty. Politicians seek to justify the law to constituent consumers and small business owners (many of whom pay must pay part-time workers above their market value). This paper will examine issues surrounding the Minimum Wage Law. Minimum wage’s ability to strengthen the economy remains subject to intense analysis and research. Legislators intend the law to provide workers and their families with a livable wage, yet many question whether it achieves that or whether it fits into our free market society. The New Deal and its associated recovery programs were viewed by some as "a drastic control of capitalist exploitation, involving a socially planned economy in which the depersonalized pursuit of private profit is subject to check at a thousand strategic points" (MacIver 836). In spite of these goals, traditional capitalists contend that the law contributes to inflation, creates unemployment, and harms small businesses. Some go so far as to call it unconstitutional and counter to the spirit of free market economics. Regardless of whether minimum wage fits into our free market ideology, leaders have an obligation to implement policies that offer significant overall benefits to the good of its citizens, especially those in the most need. This leads to three questions about regulating base pay: First, is it necessary to alleviate suffering, hunger, or inhumane hardship? Second, is there a significant economic reward gained by the employing individuals at a minimum cost?

A World Affected by Pollution and Global Warming Essay Example for Free

A World Affected by Pollution and Global Warming Essay Roy M. Harrison.(2001) Pollution:Cause, Effects and Control. Royal society of chemistry. This author concentrates mainly chemical and radioactive pollution. The book speaks of the sources of pollutants and their effects on both living and non livings especially human. It also shows how chemical pollution can also cause of water, air and land pollution. Agarwal S.K. Water pollution. APH publishing(Jan.1 2005) The author bases the book on recent views, ideas and contribution of various leading ecologist information of water pollution. It show how to use waste water and its treatments. Irina Gray (2008). Pollution effects on humans, animals, plants and the environment. The writer shows the various types and causes of pollution and its effects on the environment. It shows the effect on human ranging mild discomfort to serious diseases. It also how the effect destroy animal life and the atmosphere. Credit: www.Tropical-Rainforest-Animals.com Margaret A. Wheatley(1996). Social and cultural impact of mercury pollution on Aboriginal people in Canada. Neurotox 17(1), 251-256 The writer explores the link between mercury pollution and social cultural disruption in Canadian aboriginal communities. It shows the difficulties in communication that contribute to the social and cultural impacts and their health effects.Credit: V. Ramanathan and G. Carmichael(2008). Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon.Nature Geoscience 221-221. The writers express how black carbon becomes air pollution and how it affects both the climate and the environment. This book said that the pollution affect different regions and the black carbon in soot is the dominant absorber of visible solar radiation in the atmosphere. Credit: www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n4/full/ngeo/56.html S.Fred Singer.(1968) Global Effects of environmental pollution. Science 13 vol. 162 no 3859. The author talks the pollution effects on humans, animals, plants and the environment. It expresses the cause of pollution and how it causes the extinction of animals and plants species which is a grave loss for mankind. It shows how the advancement in technology aids the improvement of a well being of mankind but also its consequences. Credit: books.google.com/books Clive Glifford (2006). Planet under pressure:pollution. Rain-tree ISBN-13: 9781844439 744. The book examines how pollution has become a global issue and looks at the debate over possible solution. It shows how pollution whether air, water, radioactive or terrestrial affect the lives of a lot of people causing disease and contributing to the global warming. Credit: www.booksdirect.com.au/books/?isbn=9781844439744 Green StudentU. Pollution. This is a encyclopedia entry which speaks of how toxic chemicals from factories pollute the land, air and water. It explains what pollution is and why there are different types . Of the types, It takes of their sources and how to prevent them. It gives link to environment protection agency website if to be involved in prevention of pollution. It also gives the statistics of the people affected by pollution and other. Credit: www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/pollution

How Has Social Networking Affected Society Media Essay

How Has Social Networking Affected Society Media Essay The internet has revolutionized the way in which people communicate. The proliferation of this medium of communication and data transfer has made it difficult to believe that only a few decades back, people had to wait for days and sometimes weeks for a letter to reach them. Today communication is a very quick process and it is the internet that has made it possible. The latest byproduct of the internet is what is called social networking. There are numerous websites like Orkut, Facebook and MySpace that are used by individuals to find their friends and stay in contact with them. It is impossible to ignore the impact that social networking has had on human society. This paper will study the different ways by which social networking sites have influenced society. The positive and negative effects of this cyber phenomenon will also be delved upon. The popularity of the internet among the masses was made possible mainly due to email. People could send emails to any part of the world and could receive emails instantaneously. Subsequently there were websites that integrated audio and visual elements to make internet browsing a user friendly experience. Today, handheld devices utilize the internet for various purposes. This means that the internet and related applications can be made available to any person who knows how to use a compatible handheld device. For many people the internet has become an absolute necessity that they cannot do without in their daily lives. Even though in the beginning internet services were utilized by commercial establishments to further their business interests, technologically inclined entrepreneurs brought together Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP), photo sharing, instant messaging, ecommerce, multiplayer gaming and so on and created websites that were aimed at bringing people together (Ishak, n.d ). This initiative led to the growth of the social networking revolution. People found out that they could use the internet to connect with other people. It was also possible to rekindle old relationships and stay in touch with long lost relatives or those who were living in other countries. Social networking sites today are the most highly valued internet companies. This is because almost anyone who uses the internet is a member on at least one of these sites. Some may also have memberships in various social networking sites like Orkut, Facebook and MySpace. This widespread adoption of social networking sites has definitely impacted the way human beings socialize. There are hundreds of social networking sites today that connect people across the world. Some target people who have common interests and some do not have any such criteria and are open to all (Ishak, n.d). Online social networks focus on building and reflecting social relationships among people who share interests and/or activities (Ishak, n.d). Social networks enable a person to have a profile where he/she is able to include information about him/her and also include friends. Personal experiences are shared by way of messages, photos, videos and other media. A few of the most popular social networking sites that have millions of members are Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Orkut etc. Socializing on the internet was not pioneered by these websites. Email and messengers like ICQ have always enabled people to do so nearly a decade ago. But these websites have made it possible to include a large number of people in groups and stay in touch with them effortlessly (Ishak, n.d). The social web and mobile technologies have accelerated the rate at which relationships develop, information is shared and influence takes hold (Benioff, 2012). Social technology is used to shape the events of the world. Websites like Facebook have given a new way to communicate and reach out with the help of groups and friends. Portable devices like tablets and smartphones have applications that help people access their friends regardless of their location. The impact of social media has been seen in peoples movements like the Arab Spring and the Occupy movement. People who are connected to each other with these means have managed to rally crowds and gather an audience that helped them in toppling political regimes (Benioff, 2012). Social networking has made it easier for people to meet other people. Not all people are outgoing enough to take the initiative and meet others. Conventional opportunities to make friends were during social gatherings when people had an opportunity to meet other people. Since some people are introverts they find it difficult to muster enough courage to meet someone and strike up a conversation. Social networking ensures that everybody has a level playing field. Even people who do not have an impressive personality per se can have hundreds of friends on their profile and also interacts with each other on a daily basis. Not all friends on a social networking profile need to be close friends. Some may be brief acquaintances but in due course of time a relationship could be developed (Parrack, 2012). People often spend a very long time on social networking sites. This is because of the sharing of experiences that takes place between people. People on a friends list tend to listen and respond to messages and even dispel any concerns that are voiced by other friends. Since modern lifestyle does not give people enough time to communicate, communication systems need to be extremely fast. Social networks are very fast and it is possible to send a message and get a reply to that within a matter of seconds. There is also a sense of equality despite the locations that people may be in and hence social networking sites have made the world a much smaller place. It is also possible for people with similar interests to interact. By sharing likes, dislikes, interests, hobbies etc, people tend to move closer to each other despite the physical distance between them (Parrack, 2012). Every individual will feel the need to maintain certain weak ties. These could be with people whom one meets during the course of the day. Asking for a phone number may not be possible due to the nature of the relationship. Potential benefits of keeping in touch with certain people might be for arranging play dates or discussing a hobby. These are interactions that do not require a very close relationship. Social networking is a very useful tool for such people. Interaction will be possible during that particular time and also in the future when it is necessary. Bonding with friends and family is different from associating oneself with the weak ties. Social networking sites allow individuals to manage a wider network of weak ties and thus increase bridging social capital (Ellison, Lampe, Steinfield, 2009). When a persons social network is improved it will help them to increase the information that is available to them and also to improve the opportunities that they have. In a study that was conducted among undergraduates it was found that merely using the internet did not increase the social capital. Only intensive use of websites like Facebook led to higher levels of social capital. Before the advent of these sites people used communication strategies like newsletters and gossip to discuss about their past and present acquaintances. Social networking sites have enabled status messages and regular updates that enable people to engage in lightweight social surveillance. It is true that most of the status messages are about seemingly trivial matters. A friend may have got a new dog, an old colleague may have changed his job and knowing about these may not make any change in ones life but it is the awareness of ones social network that provides a continuous link to the acquaintances (Elli son, Lampe, Steinfield, 2009). Social networking sites can assist in coordinating and mobilizing social action (Ellison, Lampe, Steinfield, 2009). There are several organizations that have managed to mobilize the society and influenced it. Political figures, organizations and advocacy groups can find supporters very easily with the help of such websites. For any network to have value it needs support from as many numbers of people as possible. Focused networking sites like for instance MyChurch.com unites Christian churches and the website Care2.com unites environmental activists. There is also a social networking site that unites activists called Change.org. This site has been used in the past to organize protests and boycotts in an efficient manner. This has only been made possible due to the number of members who follow such websites and the messages that are posted regularly (Ellison, Lampe, Steinfield, 2009). Social networking has also had several adverse effects on the society. According to Sherry Turkle, a clinical psychologist, a social network not only changes what an individual does but also changes the person that he/she is. People tend to befriend people on Facebook but tend to keep people in their lives at a distance. Today it is possible for a person to tweet a message to a thousand followers at the same time but the same person fails to pick up a telephone which is a much more efficient mode of communication and talk to someone. According to Turkle, the relationships that are forged in this way offer the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendship (Strachan, 2012). In other words we are only getting used to a way of being alone together (Strachan, 2012). Social networking sites have also had an impact on the communication styles that are adopted by people. Writing has become more concise due to micro blogging sites like Twitter. Several abbreviations like LOL for laughing out loud, BRB for be right back, ROTLR for rolling on the floor laughing are being used. This is not considered to be a very good trend by people because it corrupts the English language. Apart from abbreviations words are also shortened as the necessity may be. Before becomes b4, to becomes 2and so on. The main problem with this is that it is the younger generation that is using this kind of communication before even becoming proficient with the language. Even if it is assumed that this is only a trend that will pass then those who use this kind of language will face problems when they grow up are expected to use formal English language (Sherman, 2010). While it is true that social networking sites enable us to organize our real world relationships it also adversely affects a persons ability to socialize. People nowadays are obsessed about composing a perfect tweet or a good Facebook status update that they forget to enjoy the important events in their lives. For instance in a survey that was conducted about this subject it was revealed that 24% of the respondents missed out on enjoying special moments because they were busy trying to document the occasion for their friends on social networking sites (Laird, 2012). People who are not mature about their real world relationships tend to vent out their relationship woes on social networking sites. This could have a disastrous consequence on their relationship itself (Kaiser, 2012). Americans in particular have become less participant-oriented. They prefer to remain only as audience members. In the past there used to be a propensity to join sports teams, and civic groups. Today people tend to live an isolated life. Such an existence will only lead to lesser empathy and fewer social skills. People are so used to dealing with people online that they cannot bring themselves to talk with their neighbors. It is the real life social networks that are being destroyed by virtual social networks. In the United States, suburban streets have started to look deserted. People no longer gather to communicate or just have a good time. Children are addicted to their computer screens and video games. Neighbors who might be burning up the social media pages inside their homes barely know each other outside (Robinson, 2011). According to a recent study, social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter are supposedly more addictive than cigarettes or alcohol. This addiction is due to the fact that checking updates on these sites is neither expensive nor does it have any adverse effects on ones health. Desires for media may be comparatively harder to resist because of their high availability and also because it feels like it does not cost much to engage in these activities, even though one wants to resist (Epstein, 2012). However there is a psychological explanation to this addiction. Receiving or answering a notification results in a hit of Dopamine which is a chemical neurotransmitter that is associated with reward responses in the human brain. Dopamine is also released while consuming drugs or indulging in sexual activity. This is why social networking can be addictive (Franceschi-Bicchierai, 2012). In an online poll that was conducted among a thousand teenagers, it was revealed that four out of five experienced negative side effects when they were not allowed to access their social networking accounts. Sites like Twitter and Facebook made them have negative feelings like depression, insecurity, panic and dependence (Dungan, 2012). Yet another problem that is seen on social networking site is bullying. The internet seems to give people a sense of anonymity that brings out the mean streak in them. According to a research study by the Pew Research Center, where 800 teenagers were surveyed, it was seen that incidents of mean and cruel behavior transcended all ages and backgrounds on social networks. (Kang, 2011). Bullying in schools and colleges is common but the ease of communication on the internet makes it possible for peers to join forces and gang up on an individual. Of those who had seen such cruelty online 21% joined in the harassment. Out of ten girls aged twelve to thirteen, three admitted to having experienced unkind treatment. Teenagers assumed a different personality online that was markedly different from that of their real personality. Some of them approached their online friends with more bravado than they had in real life conversations. Facebook is a website that requires its members to use real names to prevent anonymous bullying. But it has not stopped bullying altogether. The online peer groups become meaner when the child is of a younger age (Kang, 2011). Social networking encourages people to be more public about their lives. Intimate details of a persons personal life may be available to other people in the form of posts, status updates, photos and videos. These will stay in the public domain even after the accounts are deleted by the user. It is also possible that someone might have downloaded them to their computers. These can then be altered to malign the reputation of a person. For instance a picture of a person doing shots at a party may look absolutely fine to their friends. But when a prospective employer is doing a background check, the very same photo may land the person in trouble (Jung, 2012). This loss of privacy is a very serious issue that can affect people in a society. Social networking is a very influential mode of communication. Social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace make it possible for member to communicate with ease with their friends and family. It has become easier to enter into relationships with such websites. Hand held devices like tablets and smartphones have applications that enable users to log in to the social network from their devices and stay in touch with their friends. However social networking also has its adverse effects on the society. People have started to get addicted to networking sites. This addiction to updating ones status on a networking site has made people incapable to engage in real life interactions with people. People are also developing a different identity online that makes then indulge in bullying. Social networking therefore has profound influences on human society that are both beneficial as well as detrimental.

Science and Technology Business Models: Nanotechnology

Science and Technology Business Models: Nanotechnology Reviewing the business model of nanophase, we can explain that, nanophase business model always uses circuitous merchandise to the customers, for most of its interest .to solve problems the companys make use of the owners knowledge and also thing or substance which is produced .To discover dissatisfying wants set of people work together, cooperate with an imminent customers .Which meet the needs of the favored markets ,internationally and few domestic sales were made through discerning practiced person acting for another in business and an agent who supplies goods .To enhance the size of their interest nanophase also got occupied in systematic investigation of material,machinery,grant license and promoting strategy of formal union or association .Staff members manufactured only those materials in the market which had high equipment and which economically gave tough competition. Nanocrystalline materials also assured to add the most value of giving moral benefit to play proper role to their performance. To the customers request nanocryatalline materials were established by the person who is skilled in the field of engineering. So that they get maximum profit most of the times in most of the cases .The key elements of this model are What is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the branch of knowledge involving systematic observation of their knowledge which is combining form of one thousand millionth instrument that measures or records -the world smallest particle of chemical element that can take part in chemical reaction and group of atoms forming smallest fundamental unit of chemical compound. This equipment always assures to change the way of living, the way of striving against disease, the way of producing and the way of traveling through universe. History of nanophase technologies and corporation. In the mid of 1980 they founded the signs of nanophase technology by investigation. RICHARD SIEGEL an international scientists who did the systematic investigation of materials and who elaborated the physical vapor synthesis By making use of (pvs) process ,the task of nanophase was to manufacture the combining form of one thousand millionth structured materials. -Protecting the intellectual property. Nanophase was also booming in protecting its equipment, tools and processes with official document. -Reducing manufacturing costs. To reduce manufacturing cost, Nanophase placed an important research on its machinery for its development on systematic investigation of materials. They were also provided with money by the company to improve making of articles for their financial profit of its production. -Financing operations. Nanophase has financed say about $19,558,069 which private company offered for equity securities. In 1997 public offered 4,000,000 common shares at $8.00 a share to increase $28,837,936 for the development of the company. -Transition and changes in management. In elaborating high technology their executives tried to speed their condition to raise the financial profit. Developing so many projects nanophase had to undergo and did not have enough products and customers also brought into existence a dependable interest stream. -The science of nanotechnology at nanophase. Using metallic cerium, copper, iron etc. nanotechnology is used to manufacture nanocrystalline particles. Marketing strategy used by nanophase is to develop their business with their team work which they used on nanotechnology with new applications to tie up with new customers. This stage of growth in business included different activities such as estimating and accomplishing capable market opportunities. Growth of this long term plan which recognized the lead customers in each market and which successfully made their way into the market .nanophase also formed a technical team by appointing a proper engineer so that they can come out with proper solution. one-third of the staff were expertise in various fields such as material related, including science of elements and their combination, ceramic products, science of properties and interaction of matter and energy, applications of science to design and uses of various machines and building. To find out precisely what kinds of functions are needed to the customers nanophase had applied nanoparticles skill and appointed the best expertise t o understand the needs of the customers and also their problems. The team also formed partnership deed so that they can give proper services to the customers. Once they done with proper services, staff and team members moved to sales department. By selling the products they had also set a target in minds of the customers. To make their business success they tried to make the maximum profit. The companys main motive was firstly to fit its primary business strategy and then to make maximum significant customers .The role of collaborative relationship of marketing strategy with the customers started developing when the staff members started fulfilling all the needs of the customers .Maintaining relationship with the customers helped them in arranging systematic chemistry which helped the people to do things they cant have done in any other way .To cooperate and manage with the customers was too expensive and was also time consuming .Then to some staff members and management of the comp any expected that the expenses would decrease when there is production development of the company. For introducing nanoparticles to the prospective customers, agents started bringing their years of industrial experience and contacts. The experience of the sales agent which were selected by the company were very fast and they also had cost efficient way to increase the sales long term plan of the nanophase. The company always tries to form close relationship with selected agents so that that can speed with their production horizontally and can be applied on certain things. The problems faced while forming this strategy was majorly seen in the year 2001.This year prove very difficult for nanophase .The profit of the company temporarily declined in economic activities. The company also declined in manufacturing sector which resulted badly in companies primary customer base .Because of the capability of nanotechnology revenue continued to remain strong so that it was still very difficul t to animate the revenue of future expected customers who were also going through different profitable challenges and also degenerating their business activity .these were the problems in this strategy. There are many competitors to compete against nanophase. The technology of nanophase is not properly defined and it is also new, so there are many new competitors who can start their business .The competitors who plan their long-term policy in chemical companies and also from the other participants who form their own industry, nanophase can face competition from these competitors. There are five types of industry who can give competition to nanophase. First, there are many chemical companies which are situated in United States, Europe and Asia. This states form their company and they have started manufacturing silica, carbon black and iron oxide nanocrystalline on a very large scale so that they can sell this to maximum customers. They started their manufacturing worldwide so that they can become famous and tie-up their companies name with Bayer AG, Cabot Corporation etc.They also have an ample amount of financial, technical wealth, big investigation, more increasing staffs and huge advertising and mechanized capability. Secondly, there are OEMS who have started making nanocrystalline resources which are manufactured only by their owners and were used only for their products. They are trying to follow with view of overtaking some application that includes biotechnology, petroleum, computing and microelectronics etc. These companies are capable enough to sell nanocrystalline resources which are not useful in their own operations but which are needed for outside customers. Thirdly, these start-up companies are the most important companies which will compete the strategy of nanophase. The companies are Light-year technologies INC, Argonide Corporation, Tal materials INC, Nanomat, Oxonica ltd, Nanopowders industries, Nanopowder enterprises, Nano source technologies these all are private ltd company. They are trying to develop employees in research organization to develop nanotechnology because they were trying to trying to make them official because they were investigated by some scientists and engineers. Fourthly, they have the ability to manufacture nanocrystalline materials in small quantities using one out of two manufacturing process. Finally, Altair nanotechnologies are still upcoming competitor who are planning strategy to compete nanophase. Yes, there is management strength in this company. Nanophase has managed all ups and downs of the company. Nanophase has reviewed the business model. It has very well managed the marketing strategy of the company. This company has also faced the upcoming problems. Company had faced some major problem in 2001.but it was solved till the year 2002-2003.company has also fulfilled all the needs of customers. Many new technologies have also invented by the company .They also processed PVS. Due to which nanoparticles were produced. Due to nanotechnology there is certain development in product markets etc. It has also looked after health and personal products .It has managed in all fields. In technical, sale or manufacturing department. This shows management of nanophase, became strength of this company. REFRENCE/BIBLOGRAPHY- Nanophase case study 6-19, module handbookPG-49, 44, 45, 50,51,52,53. Nanophase Technologies Corporation, 2001 annual report. Nanophase technologies corporation, 2000 annual report; sec from 10-q, May 15, 2002 www.nanophase.com : Nanophase 2001 Annual Report: Sec from 10-k 405, 1997.